Understanding Race and Ethnicity Concepts
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Questions and Answers

Which type of colonialism aimed to eliminate indigenous populations and settle in their territories?

  • Colonies of Rule
  • Economic Colonies
  • Colonies of Settlement (correct)
  • Administrative Colonies

What was a significant effect of colonialism on indigenous cultures?

  • Strengthening of local governances
  • Economic prosperity for indigenous populations
  • Cultural enrichment and cooperation
  • Physical and cultural genocide (correct)

The British indirect rule in India created which of the following?

  • Zamindars and ethno-racial divisions (correct)
  • Greater autonomy for local rulers
  • Elimination of traditional land ownership
  • Unity among diverse ethnic groups

Which event marked a significant instance of resistance against colonial rule in 1792?

<p>The Haitian Revolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which world was characterized as the First World under US hegemony during decolonization?

<p>The Western World (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the project of turning subjects into citizens aim to achieve in postcolonial development?

<p>To empower individuals economically and politically (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which strategy is primarily emphasized for achieving economic growth in Third World nations?

<p>Industrialization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a tenet of postcolonial economic development?

<p>Vulnerability to global market shocks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major consequence of the historical reliance on few export commodities in Third World economies?

<p>Increased vulnerability to market fluctuations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying issue contributes to persistent inequalities in postcolonial societies?

<p>Economic policies established during colonial rule (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the differential treatment of individuals based on their perceived group membership?

<p>Discrimination (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a ‘prejudice discriminator’?

<p>They actively practice and preach intolerance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of relations emphasizes the melting pot concept of cultural integration?

<p>Amalgamation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a minority group in society?

<p>They face differential and unequal treatment due to their characteristics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of gender roles, patriarchy is defined as dominance by which group?

<p>Men (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a mode of relations?

<p>Marginalization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does intersectionality refer to in relation to ethnicity?

<p>It examines how various identity aspects interact and intersect. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of person remains silent but holds prejudiced beliefs?

<p>Prejudice non-discriminators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of suburbanization as mentioned in the content?

<p>Hyper-segregation by class and race (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has contributed most to population growth according to the content?

<p>Lower mortality rates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does carrying capacity refer to?

<p>The sustainable number of organisms an ecosystem can support (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the contributing factors to suburbanization?

<p>Political unrest of the 1960s (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the impact equation represent in the context of the environment?

<p>Population * Affluence * Technology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor contributing to population growth?

<p>Emigration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does technology play in consumption according to the content?

<p>Can lead to increased resource consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between affluence and environmental impact?

<p>Higher affluence leads to greater environmental degradation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of religion as identified in the content?

<p>To define the sacred (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered a dysfunction of religion?

<p>Justification for persecution (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to conflict theorists, religion serves to legitimize which of the following?

<p>Social inequalities and injustices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of religion includes rituals, prayers, and ceremonies?

<p>Ritual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hidden curriculum play in the education system?

<p>Promoting social attitudes and values (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of religion can be described as 'the opium of the people'?

<p>Religion as a sentiment in a heartless world (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the conflict theorist attribute to the process of alienation in religion?

<p>Loss of control over social institutions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of education as outlined in the content?

<p>Political advocacy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the adverse impacts of colonialism on indigenous cultures?

<p>Physical and cultural genocide of indigenous cultures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is associated with the wave of African independence occurring in 1957?

<p>Liberation of Ghana (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What form of colonialism involved colonial administrators reorganizing societies to impose inequalities?

<p>Colonies of Rule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of decolonization that occurred after the 1940s?

<p>Emergence of independent nation-states (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which ideology was often used to justify colonial rule?

<p>Social Darwinism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of religion related to everyday life?

<p>Offering salvation from the problems of human existence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element of religion involves creating guidelines for social behavior?

<p>Social control (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did conflict theorists view the relationship between man and religion?

<p>Man creates religion, not the other way around (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical misuse of religion is identified in the context of persecution?

<p>The Inquisition torturing heretics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one dysfunction of religion mentioned related to conflicts in history?

<p>Justification for war and terrorism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of religion encompasses structure and organizational roles?

<p>Organization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the hidden curriculum serve in education according to conflict theory?

<p>Promoting social values and attitudes for adult life (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the process of alienation as attributed to religion?

<p>People lose control over institutions they created (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of exceeding the carrying capacity of an ecosystem?

<p>Depletion of resources (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT contribute to population growth?

<p>Increased emigration rates (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does urbanization primarily shift from?

<p>Agriculture to manufacturing services (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which technological advancement is most associated with suburbanization?

<p>Mass manufacturing of cars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of relations involves forcing a group to leave their territory?

<p>Expulsion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the social challenges resulting from suburbanization?

<p>Poverty and unemployment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of prejudice involves individuals who practice intolerance and exclusion?

<p>Prejudice discriminators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is part of the impact equation used to evaluate environmental impact?

<p>Population (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of minority groups, what is a common experience they face in society?

<p>Differential and unequal treatment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts emphasizes co-existence and diversity?

<p>Pluralism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms pertains to a complex network involving living and nonliving interactions?

<p>Ecosystem (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes a timid bigot who believes in prejudice but does not openly express it?

<p>Prejudice non-discriminator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does affluence impact environmental sustainability?

<p>Increases resource consumption (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of relations involves a dominant group exploiting another economically and politically?

<p>Subjugation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prejudice can be defined as what type of attitude towards certain groups?

<p>Irrational negative attitude (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines ethnicity?

<p>Language and land (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of the project of creating continental blocs and alliances in postcolonial development?

<p>To enhance regional cooperation and economic stability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the reliance on few export commodities affect Third World economies?

<p>It exposes economies to significant vulnerabilities and market fluctuations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the tenet of economic sovereignty emphasize in postcolonial development?

<p>Empowering local economies and reducing external influences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the significant challenges faced by Third World nations 50 years after decolonization is:

<p>Massive outmigration of skilled manpower (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of economic development aimed at social justice in postcolonial societies?

<p>Increased opportunities for marginalized groups (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Race

A complex concept encompassing biological, social, and political aspects. It often refers to perceived differences in physical traits, ancestry, and cultural identity. It's also linked to power dynamics and systemic inequalities.

Ethnicity

A shared cultural identity that encompasses language, religion, customs, traditions, and shared history. It's distinct from race, though the two can overlap.

Prejudice

An irrational negative attitude towards a particular group and its members, often based on stereotypes and biases.

Discrimination

Unequal and harmful treatment of individuals based on their perceived group membership. It involves actions and behaviors based on prejudice.

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Minority Group

A group of people who experience systemic disadvantages due to their physical or cultural characteristics, often facing prejudice and discrimination. They have less access to power and resources.

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Assimilation

The process of adopting the dominant group's culture and values to fit in. It can be voluntary or forced.

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Patriarchy

A system of societal organization where men dominate women in various aspects of life, including family, religion, politics, and economics.

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Sex and Gender Roles

Sex refers to biological differences, while gender is a social construct about how society expects people to behave based on their sex. It's important to understand this distinction.

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Population Growth

The increase in the number of people living on Earth over time. This growth is driven by factors like lower mortality rates, higher fertility rates, and longer life expectancies.

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Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support given its available resources. Exceeding carrying capacity leads to resource depletion and environmental damage.

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Impact on Environment

The combined effect of population size, affluence (wealth), and technology on the environment. Larger populations, higher consumption, and advanced technologies can have a greater impact.

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Affluence and Consumption

The relationship between wealth and environmental impact. As people become more affluent, they tend to consume more resources, leading to greater environmental stress.

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Urbanization

The increasing concentration of people in urban areas, driven by economic, social, and demographic changes.

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Suburbanization

The movement of people from cities to surrounding suburbs, often driven by factors like affordability, space, and better living conditions.

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Consequences of Suburbanization

The negative effects of suburbanization, including poverty, unemployment, crime, and segregation, often concentrated in urban areas left behind.

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Ecosystem

A complex network of living organisms (plants, animals, microbes) and nonliving components (air, water, soil) that interact with each other, exchanging materials and energy.

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Credentialized Society

A society where access to opportunities is heavily reliant on formal educational credentials, often acting as gatekeepers to success.

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Colonialism: Colonies of Settlement

A type of colonialism where colonizers aim to completely replace the indigenous population by settling in their land and often destroying their culture.

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Colonialism: Colonies of Rule

A type of colonialism where colonizers maintain control by reorganizing existing cultures, creating inequalities to exploit resources and maintain power.

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Decolonization

The process of dismantling colonial empires and establishing independent nations, often involving political, economic, and cultural liberation.

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Decolonization: Three Worlds

A categorization of the world after decolonization into three distinct groups: the Western World, the Communist World, and the Third World.

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Decolonization and Development

The process of achieving independence from colonial rule and then pursuing economic growth and social progress.

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Economic Sovereignty

A country's ability to control its own economy and make decisions about resource allocation and development without undue external influence.

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Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

A development strategy where a country focuses on producing goods it previously imported by protecting its domestic industries from foreign competition.

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Third World Economies: Overdependence

Postcolonial nations often rely heavily on exporting a few raw materials, making them vulnerable to global price fluctuations and economic shocks.

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Postcolonial Inequality

The continuation of inequalities in wealth, access to resources, and social power in former colonies, often stemming from colonial-era policies and structures.

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Sacred vs. Profane

The sacred is a concept that sets apart certain things as holy or sacred. The profane refers to everyday, ordinary things.

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Functions of Religion

Religion serves several purposes, including defining what's sacred, offering explanations for life, providing salvation, guiding daily life, and contributing to social control.

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Dysfunctions of Religion

Religion can also have negative effects like being used to justify persecution, fueling conflict, and causing war and terrorism.

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Elements of Religion

Religion typically includes rituals and prayers, emotional experiences, belief systems, and organizational structures.

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Conflict Theory & Religion

Conflict theory argues that religion is a tool used by the powerful to maintain their control, and can legitimize social inequalities.

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Cultural Transmission

Education passes on societal knowledge and values from generation to generation.

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Hidden Curriculum

Unwritten social attitudes and values taught in schools that prepare children for adult roles.

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Social Capital

The network of relationships and connections that lead to opportunities, advantages, and influence.

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Environmental Impact

The combined effect of population size, affluence (wealth), and technology on the environment. More people, more consumption, and advanced tech can have a larger impact.

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Technology and Environment

Technological advancements can increase resource consumption (like energy) but also reduce pollution (green technologies, sustainable energy solutions, recycling).

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Colonies of Settlement

A type of colonialism where colonizers aim to completely replace the indigenous population by settling in their land and often destroying their culture.

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Colonies of Rule

A type of colonialism where colonizers maintain control by reorganizing existing cultures, creating inequalities to exploit resources and maintain power.

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Three Worlds

A categorization of the world after decolonization into three distinct groups: the Western World, the Communist World, and the Third World.

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What is Race?

Race is a complex concept encompassing biological, social, and political aspects. It often refers to perceived differences in physical traits, ancestry, and cultural identity. It's also linked to power dynamics and systemic inequalities.

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What is Ethnicity?

Ethnicity is a shared cultural identity that encompasses language, religion, customs, traditions, and shared history. It's distinct from race, although the two can overlap.

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What is Prejudice?

Prejudice is an irrational negative attitude towards a particular group and its members, often based on stereotypes and biases.

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What is Discrimination?

Discrimination is unequal and harmful treatment of individuals based on their perceived group membership. It involves actions and behaviors based on prejudice.

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What is a Minority Group?

A minority group is a group of people who experience systemic disadvantages due to their physical or cultural characteristics, often facing prejudice and discrimination. They have less access to power and resources.

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What is Assimilation?

Assimilation is the process of adopting the dominant group's culture and values to fit in. It can be voluntary or forced.

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What is Patriarchy?

Patriarchy is a system of societal organization where men dominate women in various aspects of life, including family, religion, politics, and economics.

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What is the difference between Sex and Gender?

Sex refers to biological differences, while gender is a social construct about how society expects people to behave based on their sex. It's important to understand this distinction.

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What are the main goals of 'Decolonization: Rethinking Development'?

The core tenets of this approach are to pursue economic sovereignty, transform subjects into active citizens with economic empowerment, achieve economic development for social justice, and create continental blocs and alliances for collective power.

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What are the defining features of Third World Economies?

Third World economies are often reliant on exporting raw materials, making them vulnerable to fluctuations in the global market. This dependence can lead to economic instability and limit their development options.

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What are the key development strategies employed in the Third World?

Common strategies include industrialization as the centerpiece of economic growth, emphasizing national economic development measured by indicators like GNP and per capita income. Strong belief in national planning, import substitution industrialization, and protectionist policies.

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What are the main challenges facing Third World nations 50 years after independence?

They continue to face high poverty and income inequality, are vulnerable to civil wars, coups, and internal/external conflicts. Natural disasters and shocks like famines and earthquakes pose major threats, and 'brain drain' further diminishes their capabilities.

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Why are postcolonial societies marked by persistent inequalities?

Inequalities of wealth, resource access, and social power often persist in postcolonial societies. These arise from colonial-era economic and social structures that were designed to benefit the colonizers and perpetuate existing inequalities.

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Study Notes

Race

  • Refers to blood/kinship/family ties, tribal or ethnic connections (biological matters)
  • Also refers to power/authority/politics/government (law and politics)
  • Includes social aspects (self and others)
  • Can be defined by legal classifications (e.g., 1/8th black)

Ethnicity

  • Language: Race groups don't necessarily share a common language
  • Land: Shared land is not a defining factor
  • Religion: Shared religious beliefs are not necessarily a defining factor
  • Customs and traditions: Shared customs and traditions may vary
  • Intersectionality: The interconnected nature of social categorizations such as race, class, and gender, regarded as creating overlapping and interdependent systems of discrimination or disadvantage.

Prejudice

  • Four different types of people:
    • Unprejudiced non-discriminators: Don't discriminate and don't hold prejudices
    • Prejudiced discriminators: Actively discriminate and express prejudice
    • Unprejudiced discriminators: Don't discriminate but don't speak out against prejudice. They remain silent
    • Prejudiced non-discriminators: Hold prejudices but don't act on them openly.
  • Prejudice is an irrational negative attitude toward certain groups and their members.

Discrimination

  • Differential treatment, usually unequal and harmful, towards individuals based on assumed group membership.
  • Minority Group: A group of people who are treated differently because of their physical or cultural characteristics

Modes of Relations between groups in society

  • Assimilation: Adopting characteristics of the dominant group in order to become accepted
  • Segregation: Physically separating groups
  • Expulsion: Forcing a group to leave their territory
  • Subjugation: Subordinating one group through economic exploitation and political domination by the other
  • Annihilation: Deliberate extermination of a racial or ethnic group (genocide)

Sex and Gender Roles

  • Biological reproductive roles
  • Cultural social construction of roles

Judeo-Christianity Patriarchy

  • Systemic institutionalized domination of women within family, religion, politics, economy and academia

Population Growth

  • 1960-3 billion, Now-8.2 billion
  • Reasons: Lowering mortality rates, Higher fertility rates, longer life expectancy due to nutrition and medicine

Urbanization

Factors: Demography, Economics, Culture

Suburbanization

Factors: Mass manufacturing (cars), Interstate highways, Mortgages, Political unrest, Flight of upper and middle classes

Ecosystem

  • A complex network of living and nonliving things interacting
  • Environment = Conditions and circumstances surrounding a group of living creatures
  • Sustainability = Meeting present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
  • Carrying Capacity = Limit imposed by resources on a population
  • Affluence = Consumption exceeding environmental capacity
  • Technology = Development and impact on consumption

Theories on Environmentalism and Religion

  • Theories around religion as a system of beliefs, practices, and philosophical values shared by a group of people
  • Functions of religion including defining the sacred, explaining life (purpose)
  • Religion as a justification for persecution (historical examples of religious intolerance like the inquisition and witch hunts).
  • Functions of religion (social control, adaptation to new circumstances).
  • Elements of Religion include Rituals, Emotions, Beliefs, Organization

Theories on Conflict and Education

  • Introduction of hidden curriculum, social attitudes, and values in schools that can be conflict-based
  • The role of institutions in acting as gates
  • Global inequalities and colonialism, effects of colonization, policies, effects on indigenous cultures

Colonialism

  • Colonization types: Settlement, rule
  • Adverse impacts on indigenous cultures, physical and cultural genocide, introduction of new tensions, extraction of labor, notions of backwardness, resistance

Decolonization

  • Historical events leading to decolonization (e.g., the Black Jacobin and the Haitian Revolution, 1792; Menelik and the Battle of Adwa, 1896; the independence of India, 1947; the Liberation of Ghana and the Wave of African Independence, 1957; the Fall of the Apartheid, 1994)
  • Decolonization focuses on Economic Sovereignty, Citizens, Social Justice, Forming alliances, and Industrialization
  • Issues and strategies related to development are highlighted. Colonial division of labor and social organization of labor are other related issues to consider.

Inequality

  • Factors influencing Inequality in post-colonial societies, including reliance on few export commodities (coffee, cotton, cocoa, crude oil, gold, diamond).
  • Vulnerability to economic shocks, high poverty and income Inequality, civil conflicts, dependency on specific commodities. In addition, there is out-migration of skilled and unskilled workers to wealthier nations.

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Description

This quiz explores the intricate concepts of race and ethnicity, focusing on biological, social, and political aspects. It also delves into the idea of prejudice and the different types of people regarding discrimination. Test your understanding of these critical social constructs.

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