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What is the primary focus of the topic 'Importance of a cultural perspective in Psychology'?
Which of the following is NOT considered an aspect of social difference according to the text?
What are the tangible and non-tangible elements that denote culture according to the learning outcome?
What is one of the major functions and needs of belonging to a specific culture?
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Which concept is described as a complex concept with a lack of consensus about its meaning?
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What is traditionally thought of as national identity according to the text?
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Which term should be used when referring to anyone from a Bangladeshi, Chinese, Indian, Pakistani, or other Asian background?
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What term should be used when referring to anyone from an African, Caribbean or other Black background?
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Which term is used for data purposes and benchmarking when the data refers to aggregated ethnic groups such as Asian, Black or Mixed?
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What term should be used when referring to anyone from a mixed background of Asian and white, Black African and white, Black Caribbean and White, or any other mixed background?
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What term should be used when referring to anyone who is from a White British background?
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What are some of the influences of culture on individuals, as mentioned in the text?
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What does culture provide for individuals?
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Who advocated for studying various cultures to understand common human behaviors and validate perceptions of the world?
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What does the University of London recommend as an alternative to using the term 'race'?
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What did 19th-century German Völkerpsychologie emphasize?
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What does ethnicity primarily encompass according to the text?
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Which term should be used when referring to anyone from an African, Caribbean or other Black background?
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What are some of the influences of culture on individuals, as mentioned in the text?
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Which term is used for data purposes and benchmarking when the data refers to aggregated ethnic groups such as Asian, Black or Mixed?
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What does the University of London recommend as an alternative to using the term 'race'?
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What does ethnicity primarily encompass according to the text?
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What does culture provide for individuals?
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Which term is described as a complex concept with a lack of consensus about its meaning?
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What was the initial U.S. Census classification for some people from India?
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In the early 20th century, some Indian immigrants were classified as which race on the U.S. Census?
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What term was introduced to encompass individuals who did not fit the conventional definition of 'White' or 'Caucasian'?
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In more recent decades, how were Indian immigrants eventually classified on the U.S. Census?
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What does gender historically refer to according to the text?
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According to feminists, what is argued to be more significant for women than any other aspect of identity?
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What do gender scholars call for in light of people living outside the gender binary?
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How do scholars argue gender should be considered in relation to other categorical distinctions?
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'Gender scholars have called for a 'degendering of society' given what prevalence?
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'Scholars argue that gender is not a universal construct and should be considered ‘intersectional’ and fluid with what other categorical distinctions?'
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What term does the University of London recommend using as an alternative to 'race'?
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What does culture provide for individuals?
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Who advocated for studying various cultures to understand common human behaviors and validate perceptions of the world?
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What is traditionally thought of as national identity according to the text?
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What are some of the influences of culture on individuals, as mentioned in the text?
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Which term is used for data purposes and benchmarking when the data refers to aggregated ethnic groups such as Asian, Black or Mixed?
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What did 19th-century German Völkerpsychologie emphasize?
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What is one of the major functions and needs of belonging to a specific culture?
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'Ethnicity' primarily encompasses which factors according to the text?
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What is the primary focus of German Völkerpsychologie?
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How does gender differ from sex?
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What are the main functions of culture according to the text?
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How are race and ethnicity defined according to the text?
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What does gender primarily encompass according to the text?
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Why do scholars advocate studying various cultures?
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What is the relationship between race and ethnicity?
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'De-gendering of society' is advocated by gender scholars due to what prevalence?
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'Intersectional' consideration of gender implies what according to scholars?
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Study Notes
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Culture encompasses both tangible and intangible aspects, including socioeconomic status, religion, gender, and sexual orientation.
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Different cultures influence individuals in various ways, including activities and behaviors (descriptive), heritage and traditions (historical), rules and norms (normative), learning and problem-solving (psychological), social and organizational structures (structural), origins (genetic), and values and patterns that influence attitudes and actions (Berry et al., 2011).
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Culture provides a sense of identity, belonging, and behavior guidelines.
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Culture influences behavior, morale, and productivity at work.
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Culture is dynamic and varies among individuals and populations.
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European conceptions of culture and national identity stem from 19th-century German Völkerpsychologie, which emphasized cultural differences over biological traits (Kalmar, 1987).
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Boas (1966) advocated for studying various cultures to understand common human behaviors and validate perceptions of the world.
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Culture fosters mutual influence, "symbolic immortality," and survival through shared beliefs, expectations, and norms.
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Terminology relating to race and ethnicity is complex and evolving; race can be based on self-identification or physical characteristics, but many argue it's a social construct.
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Ethnicity is based on shared cultural factors, nationality, regional culture, ancestry, language, and geographical region.
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The University of London recognizes that using the term 'race' can exacerbate inequalities and instead supports terms like BAME (Black, Asian, and minority ethnic) and BME (Black minority ethnic).
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Using BAME or BME can imply a homogeneous group, single out specific ethnic groups, and reinforce white as the norm.
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Culture refers to shared beliefs, behaviours, and norms within a population (Hong, Gelfand, & Chiu, 2018)
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Culture serves four functions: evolutionary, buffer, epistemic, and results from interpersonal interactions
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Evolutionary perspective: culture provides collective support and adaptive function via norms, beliefs, practices
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Terror management theory: culture offers protective factors against existential anxiety about mortality
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Epistemic need: culture validates perceptions of the world through shared beliefs and expectations
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Interpersonal interaction: results in culture through mutual influence and shared norms
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Terminology relating to race: no universally supported term for minority ethnic communities
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Race: distinction based on self-identification or physical characteristics, but also a social construct
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Ethnicity: grouping people based on shared cultural factors, nationality, regional culture, ancestry, language, and geographical region
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University of London recognizes that 'race' can exacerbate inequalities, instead using terms like BAME (Black, Asian and minority ethnic) and BME (Black minority ethnic)
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BAME and BME have limitations, as they imply a homogeneous group and can be divisive and exclusionary
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Terms like Black and specific ethnic groups are preferred over 'race' when possible.
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Arbitrary assignment of race based on factors like money, education, and power can lead to different racial categorizations for individuals of the same phenotype.
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Historical examples of arbitrary racial categorization include US immigrants from India being initially classified as Hindu, then Caucasian, non-White, White, and finally Asian Indian.
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Sex and gender are two distinct concepts: sex refers to biological attributes and is typically categorized as male or female, while gender encompasses social and cultural roles and personal identity
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Traditionally, sex has been understood based on observable physical traits like reproductive organs and chromosomes, but gender is a personal and internal sense of one's own gender
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Gender roles, behaviors, and societal norms vary across different cultures and can change over time
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Race and ethnicity are also social constructs, with race historically linked to perceived physical characteristics and ethnicity more closely tied to cultural attributes and identity
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Race is not based on inherent biological differences but is socially and culturally defined, and societies may have different criteria for racial categorization
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Ethnicity involves shared cultural traits like language, religion, ancestry, and traditions, and is often self-identified
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Culture is complex and multifaceted, with emphasis on different aspects including descriptive (activities and behaviors), historical (heritage and traditions), normative (rules and norms), psychological (learning and problem-solving), structural (social and organizational aspects), and genetic (origins)
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Culture impacts behavior, morale, and productivity at work and includes values and patterns that influence attitudes and actions
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Both race and ethnicity are dynamic and complex concepts, with diversity within each category and no one cultural group being superior to another
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European conceptions of culture and national identity began in the 19th century with German Völkerpsychologie, which emphasized the importance of cultural differences in shaping human behavior rather than biological traits
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The study of foreign cultures can help us understand the behaviors that we believe to be innate and how they are actually expressions of culture.
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Culture serves four main functions: fostering collective support for survival and reproduction, providing symbolic immortality through naming and religious beliefs, validating our perceptions of the world, and helping to fulfill basic human needs.
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Description
Explore the significance of cultural perspective in psychology and its impact on human behavior. Delve into the various approaches used by psychologists to study the development and role of culture in understanding human behavior.
