Understanding Proteins
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a major source of vitamin K1?

  • Eggs
  • Liver
  • Milk
  • Spinach (correct)

What function does vitamin K serve in the human body?

  • Energy production in mitochondria (correct)
  • Protein synthesis
  • Water regulation
  • Bone regeneration

Which populations are at higher risk for vitamin K deficiency?

  • Athletes
  • Newborns, especially prematures (correct)
  • Elderly individuals
  • Patients with liver disease

How is vitamin K2 primarily produced in the body?

<p>By gut bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Adequate Intake (AI) of vitamin K for adult men?

<p>120 micrograms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does vitamin K1 play in blood health?

<p>Produces coagulation factors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these foods contains the least amount of vitamin K?

<p>Chicken (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen if there is a vitamin K deficiency in newborns?

<p>They may experience bleeding disorders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does NPU stand for in the context of dietary protein evaluation?

<p>Net Protein Utilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which formula correctly calculates the Net Dietary Protein Calories (NDpCal)?

<p>NDpCal% = (Food Protein Kilocal × NPU) / Total Food kilocal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary role of vitamins in the body?

<p>They act as catalysts in metabolic reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are fat-soluble vitamins characterized?

<p>They dissolve in fats and oils and are stored in the body's fatty tissue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is mentioned as an exception to the general rule that the body cannot synthesize sufficient vitamins?

<p>Vitamin D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method used for evaluating dietary protein, as discussed in the content?

<p>Protein content relative to total dietary energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about vitamins is true?

<p>Vitamins perform specific functions and are required in small quantities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are fat-soluble vitamins often stored in the body?

<p>They are soluble in fats and accumulate in fatty tissues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition can lead to a deficiency in niacin?

<p>Genetic disorders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of pellagra?

<p>Increased appetite (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What storage conditions are recommended for maximizing the shelf life of vitamin C?

<p>Cool, dry, and dark places (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for niacin for adults?

<p>35 mg per day (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food source is considered an excellent source of niacin?

<p>Peanuts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metals can speed up the oxidation of vitamin C?

<p>Copper (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum percentage of protein that must be included in the diet for adequate studies in growing animals?

<p>10% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vitamin C enhance iron absorption?

<p>By enhancing the absorption of non-heme iron (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conversion ratio of dietary tryptophan to niacin?

<p>60 to 1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods is the simplest for determining protein quality?

<p>Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one primary function of Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic acid)?

<p>Synthesis of hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Biological Value (BV) of dietary protein defined?

<p>The proportion of absorbed protein incorporated into body proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary function of vitamin C?

<p>Antioxidant protection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group of people has the highest recommended daily allowance (RDA) for niacin?

<p>Pregnant women (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does vitamin C play in collagen production?

<p>It is vital for the synthesis of collagen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of theoretical Biological Value (BV) for dietary protein?

<p>0 to 100% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chronic diseases can vitamin C help protect against due to its antioxidant properties?

<p>Cancer and cardiovascular diseases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the Net Protein Utilization (NPU) when there is inadequate energy intake?

<p>NPU decreases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Pantothenic acid in relation to other vitamins?

<p>It helps the body utilize other vitamins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In addition to collagen synthesis, what is another benefit of vitamin C related to skin health?

<p>Protecting skin from UV damage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these types of protein typically has a Biological Value closest to 100%?

<p>Animal proteins like meat and eggs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe Biological Value when no correction is made for endogenous nitrogen loss?

<p>Apparent Biological Value (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitters are synthesized with the help of vitamin C?

<p>Serotonin and norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor affecting both Biological Value (BV) and Net Protein Utilization (NPU) of dietary protein?

<p>Energy value of the diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is most effective for preserving riboflavin in foods?

<p>Roasting (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of riboflavin deficiency?

<p>Scrotal dermatitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily allowance of riboflavin for adult women aged 19 years and older?

<p>1.1 mg (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which drug is known to interfere with riboflavin levels in the body?

<p>Phenytoin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is ariboflavinosis more commonly referred to as?

<p>Riboflavin deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Riboflavin helps in the conversion of which vitamins into their active forms?

<p>Vitamin B6 and Folic acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group has the highest recommended daily allowance for riboflavin?

<p>Pregnant women (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is riboflavin best absorbed in the body?

<p>Between meals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Biological Value (BV)

A measure of the proportion of absorbed protein from a food that gets incorporated into the body's protein. It doesn't account for protein not absorbed.

Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER)

The simplest method of determining protein quality, calculated by dividing weight gain by protein intake.

Net Protein Utilization (NPU)

It measures the proportion of nitrogen from food that is retained in the body for protein synthesis.

Protein Quality

A measure of the quality of dietary protein based on the relative amount of weight gain of a test animal, such as a rat.

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Nitrogen Balance

A state where nitrogen intake equals nitrogen loss.

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Dietary Protein Biological Value

A measure of the fraction of absorbed nitrogen retained in the body, it focuses on the usefulness of the absorbed portion of dietary nitrogen.

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Test Animal Model

The use of a test animal, often a laboratory rat, to assess the nutritional value of a protein source.

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Energy Intake Impact

The quality of dietary protein can be affected by the amount of energy intake, with inadequate energy lowering BV and NPU.

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What is vitamin K?

Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin essential for blood clotting, bone health, and cardiovascular function.

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Where does vitamin K1 come from?

Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is produced by plants and is found in green leafy vegetables.

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Where does vitamin K2 come from?

Vitamin K2 (menaquinone) is produced by bacteria in the gut and found in fermented foods.

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What is prothrombin and why is it important?

Both vitamin K1 and K2 are required for the body to produce prothrombin, a protein essential for blood clotting.

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Who are at higher risk for vitamin K deficiency?

While vitamin K deficiency is rare in healthy individuals, newborns, those with malabsorption issues, and people on certain medications are at higher risk.

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Net Dietary Protein Calories (NDpCal)

The amount of protein energy multiplied by the NPU, divided by the total energy of the diet. It represents the percentage of dietary protein calories that are effectively utilized.

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Vitamins

Organic compounds that are essential for the body's metabolism, even in small quantities. They support growth, maintenance, and various bodily functions that can't be produced by the body itself.

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What are the consequences of vitamin K deficiency?

Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding disorders, as prothrombin production is compromised.

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Fat-Soluble Vitamins

Vitamins that can dissolve in fats and oils. They are absorbed along with fats and stored in the body's fatty tissue and liver.

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What are some good sources of vitamin K?

Good sources of vitamin K include green leafy vegetables such as spinach and kale.

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Water-Soluble Vitamins

A group of vitamins that dissolve in water and are not stored in the body. They are typically found in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods.

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What is the recommended daily intake of vitamin K?

An adequate intake (AI) for vitamin K is 120 mcg per day for men and 90 mcg per day for women.

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Digestion

The process where food is broken down into simpler substances that can be absorbed by the body. It involves mechanical breakdown (chewing, churning) and chemical breakdown (enzymes) and occurs in the mouth, stomach, and intestines.

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Absorption

The process of taking nutrients from digested food into the bloodstream and delivering it to the body's cells for use.

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Excretion

The process by which the body removes waste products from the blood and eliminates them from the body. This includes solid waste (feces) and liquid waste (urine).

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What is riboflavin?

Riboflavin is a B vitamin that is essential for energy production, cell growth and repair, and the conversion of other B vitamins into their active forms.

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Which cooking methods preserve riboflavin?

Cooking methods like roasting and steaming preserve more riboflavin compared to frying or scalding, which degrade it.

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What is riboflavin deficiency?

Riboflavin deficiency, also known as ariboflavinosis, can occur when your diet lacks sufficient vitamin B2 or your body has difficulty absorbing or utilizing it.

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What are the types of riboflavin deficiency?

Primary riboflavin deficiency happens due to a lack of vitamin B2 in the diet, while secondary deficiency occurs due to other factors such as poor absorption or utilization of the vitamin.

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What are some signs and symptoms of riboflavin deficiency?

Angular cheilitis, cracked lips, dry skin, inflamed mouth lining, sore throat, and sensitivity to light can all be signs of riboflavin deficiency.

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When is riboflavin best absorbed?

Riboflavin is best absorbed when taken between meals, as it might compete with other nutrients for absorption.

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What is the role of riboflavin as an antioxidant?

Riboflavin acts as an antioxidant, fighting harmful free radicals that can damage cells and DNA.

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Why is riboflavin essential for converting other B vitamins?

Riboflavin is crucial for converting vitamin B6 and folate into their active forms, making it essential for various bodily functions.

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Niacin Deficiency

A deficiency in niacin, also known as vitamin B3, which can be caused by inadequate intake, malabsorption, genetic disorders, certain medications, or conditions like anorexia.

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RDA of Niacin

The recommended daily intake of niacin varies based on age and life stage, ranging from 2 mg for infants to 18 mg for pregnant teens and women.

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Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) for Niacin

The maximum amount of niacin that can be safely consumed per day without causing adverse effects. It is set at 35 mg for adults.

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Niacin Supplements

Though niacin can be obtained from various food sources, supplements can cause side effects.

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Tryptophan-Niacin Relationship

An essential amino acid that can be converted into niacin in the body, with a conversion ratio of 60 mg of tryptophan to 1 mg of niacin.

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Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)

Also known as pantothenic acid, vitamin B5 plays a crucial role in various metabolic processes within the body.

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Functions of Pantothenic Acid

Vitamin B5 assists in the synthesis of hormones and contributes to the health of skin, hair, and nails.

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Vitamin B5 and Hormone Production

A critical component in the formation of red blood cells, as well as sex and stress hormones produced by the adrenal glands.

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Vitamin C's Ideal Environment

Vitamin C is most stable in acidic environments, making it important to store and process it in ways that maintain this acidity.

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Heat's Impact on Vitamin C

Exposure to high temperatures, like those involved in canning or drying, can significantly reduce the vitamin C content of food.

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Vitamin C and Metal Interactions

Metals like copper and iron can accelerate the breakdown of vitamin C, so avoiding their contact is crucial for preserving its effectiveness.

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Vitamin C's Antioxidant Role

Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from damage caused by free radicals, which can contribute to chronic conditions like heart disease.

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Vitamin C's Role in Collagen Production

Collagen, a protein vital for skin, blood vessels, bones, and connective tissues, relies on vitamin C for its synthesis.

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Vitamin C's Immune System Boost

By enhancing the function and production of white blood cells, vitamin C strengthens the immune system to fight off infections.

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Vitamin C's Role in Iron Absorption

Vitamin C helps the body absorb non-heme iron, the type found in plant-based foods, thus preventing iron deficiency anemia.

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Vitamin C's Role in Wound Healing

Vitamin C's contribution to collagen synthesis makes it essential for efficient wound healing, accelerating tissue repair and regeneration.

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Study Notes

Protein

  • Proteins are large, complex molecules vital for the structure, function, and regulation of bodily tissues and organs
  • Proteins are made from amino acids, the building blocks of life
  • Gerardus Mulder, a Dutch chemist (1802-1880), coined the term "protein" in 1838, believing it to be the most crucial organic compound
  • Proteins are crucial for nourishment, renewal, and continuation of bodily functions
  • Proteins are composed of amino acids, which are also called proteins' building blocks
  • Proteins are present in various parts of the body, including muscles (one-third), bones and cartilage (one-fifth), skin (one-tenth), and other tissues and fluids
  • Proteins also contain other elements like sulfur, phosphorus, iodine, iron, copper, and zinc, in varying amounts
  • Proteins are polymers, with dissimilar amino acid sequences creating diverse protein types and functions
  • Proteins vary in size; insulin (51 amino acids) and collagen (over 1000 amino acids) are examples
  • Titin is the largest known protein, responsible for muscle elasticity

Amino Acids

  • Amino acids are the fundamental building blocks of proteins and other nitrogenous compounds like neurotransmitters and hormones
  • Each molecule has a basic amino group (-NH2), an acidic carboxyl group (-COOH), and a unique organic R-group (side chain) attached to a central carbon
  • The R-group distinguishes each amino acid and gives it unique properties
  • Amino acids can be polar (hydrophilic), nonpolar (hydrophobic), acidic, or basic based on their side chains
  • There are 20 different types of amino acids

Classification of Amino Acids

  • Essential amino acids: the body cannot produce these, so they must be consumed through diet. Nine essential amino acids are: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine.
  • Nonessential amino acids: the body can produce these. Examples include alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glutamine, glycine, proline, serine, and tyrosine
  • Conditionally essential amino acids: these are usually nonessential but may become essential during periods of illness or stress. Some examples are arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, proline, and serine

Classification of Proteins based on Composition

  • Simple proteins: On hydrolysis, they give only amino acids and occasionally small carbohydrate compounds (e.g.,albumins, globulins, glutelins, albumins, histones, and protamines)
  • Conjugated proteins: These are simple proteins combined with non-protein materials (e.g., nucleoproteins, glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, haemoglobins, and lecithoproteins)
  • Derived proteins: These proteins originate from simple or conjugated proteins through physical or chemical means (e.g., denatured proteins and peptides)

Functions of Proteins

  • Growth and Maintenance: Proteins are needed for the growth and repair of tissues
  • Enzymatic Activity: Proteins serve as enzymes that catalyze critical biochemical reactions
  • Messenger Proteins: Hormones are proteins that convey signals between cells and tissues
  • Immunity: Antibodies are proteins that help fight infections
  • Fluid Balance: Regulate body fluid levels
  • Transport and Storage: transport substances throughout the body
  • Muscle Contraction: Proteins like actin and myosin enable muscle contraction
  • Energy: Proteins can provide energy to the body if needed

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This quiz explores the essential role of proteins in the body, their structure, and their functions. Delve into the significance of amino acids as building blocks of life and discover how proteins contribute to nourishment and bodily functions. Learn about the historical context of proteins and the variety of their types and sizes.

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