Understanding Prejudice

stereotype

generalized beliefs about the characteristics associated with a social group

competence and warmth

dominant (majority) social group

contain more negative than positive characteristics

Emotional response, beliefs, behaviors

Emotional response refers to an individual's feelings towards members of a particular group, which can be negative or positive.

Beliefs involve assumptions or convictions about the abilities, behaviors, and characteristics of group members.

Behaviors involve actions directed at group members, which can range from subtle discrimination to overt aggression.

A person may feel negative emotions, hold beliefs about group members, and engage in discriminatory behaviors.

Examples can include unfair judgments, unkind feelings, brutal attacks, and genocide.

Prejudice can be overt and unmistakable, but it can also be subtle and difficult to detect.

The ultimate goal is to promote intergroup harmony and encourage treating others based on individual characteristics rather than group membership.

Forming friendships with people from another social group is strongly related to positive attitudes toward that group.

Reframing views of 'us' and 'them' into 'we' can decrease prejudice.

Institutional discrimination refers to government-sponsored laws and practices that segregate and deny civil rights to certain groups, such as the Jim Crow laws in the post-Emancipation era in the United States.

Prejudice is the affect or emotion, usually negative, an individual feels toward members of a particular racial group, while discrimination refers to the behavior of treating certain groups differently, often resulting in unequal treatment.

Racial supremacy is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, often accompanied by the idea that genetic and biological differences justify this superiority.

Racism builds upon prejudice and discrimination by perpetuating the idea of racial superiority based on genetic or biological differences, leading to the justification of controlling behaviors of other racial groups.

Legality in discrimination comes into play when behaviors based on stereotyping and prejudice lead to unequal treatment or rights denial, making it illegal. Stereotyping and prejudice, on the other hand, are thoughts and feelings that may not have legal implications unless manifested in discriminatory actions.

Stereotypes can lead a person to perceive mundane behavior as sinister.

Stereotypes can lead individuals to be judged based on group-based expectations.

Category-based impressions judge individuals based on group membership, while individuation focuses on personal attributes.

One way to reduce stereotype threat is by changing the stereotype.

Changing stereotypes can be difficult because it often takes time.

Overt discrimination involves explicit actions like excluding job applicants based on gender or race, while subtle discrimination is more indirect, such as avoiding eye contact or conducting shorter interviews.

Deindividuation refers to losing self-awareness and personal responsibility in a group setting, which can lead to increased likelihood of engaging in discriminatory behavior towards others.

Individual discrimination refers to discriminatory actions by one person towards another, while institutional discrimination involves discriminatory practices embedded within organizations or societal structures.

Stereotyping can lead to stigmatization, marginalization, and inequality for social groups, affecting their opportunities and well-being.

Stereotypes can shape individuals' perceptions, attitudes, and interactions with others, leading to biased judgments and discriminatory actions.

Anonymity, shared responsibility, altered temporal perspective, physiological arousal, sensory overload, novel situations, altered states of consciousness

Deindividuation lowers the threshold for expressing inhibited behaviors.

Prejudice is an attitude toward people based on their membership in a group.

Inflexibility in reactions towards the target person.

Prejudiced attitudes are often negative but can also be positive.

Prejudice evaluates the target person based on group membership, not individual behaviors or characteristics.

Stereotypes are beliefs about the characteristics of social groups that influence attitudes and behaviors towards those groups.

Deindividuation minimizes self-observation and evaluation.

Deindividuation reduces concern for social evaluation.

Altered temporal perspective shifts the focus to the present, reducing considerations of the past or future.

Attractive communicators create a positive association with the product and put the audience in a good mood, making them more likely to accept the message.

Communicators are more effective when they help their audience feel good about themselves, appealing to their self-concern.

People are more likely to respond to communicators who offer something personally beneficial.

People are more persuaded by those who are similar to them in opinions and values.

Including free gifts in requests for charitable donations can increase the likelihood of a positive response.

Trustworthy communicators are effective because they allow us to feel good about ourselves when we accept their message, often without critically evaluating its content.

Strong attitudes are more difficult to change than weak attitudes, making individuals less susceptible to persuasion.

Expert communicators may be perceived as trustworthy due to their in-depth knowledge about the product they are selling.

Preventing attitude change can help individuals resist persuasion and maintain their original beliefs or behaviors.

Effective communication for persuasion plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and influencing democratic processes.

Cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects are the aspects that persuaders must consider.

Self-persuasion is when individuals generate their own messages in favor of or against something. An example is when a person convinces themselves that a certain product is worth buying.

To be effective persuaders, one must get people's attention, send an effective message, and ensure that the message is processed as intended.

Persuasion has replaced coercion as the primary means of influence in democratic societies.

It is important for persuaders to consider these aspects to effectively produce change in others.

Forewarning involves giving people a chance to develop a resistance to persuasion by reminding them of potential influence attempts, allowing them to practice how to resist it.

A child who has been forewarned about potential persuasion is less likely to be influenced by peer messages about smoking, as they have already considered how to resist it.

Parents can apply the forewarning strategy by reminding their children of possible persuasion attempts and allowing them to practice how to resist them.

Self-persuasion involves individuals convincing themselves of a certain belief, which can help them resist external persuasive messages targeting that belief.

Practicing how to resist persuasion allows individuals to develop effective strategies to counteract influence attempts, making them more resistant to persuasive messages.

Gossiping, spreading rumors, criticizing behind backs, bullying, leaving others out of a group, turning people against each other, dismissing opinions, 'stealing' a partner, threatening breakups, and flirting to make jealous

Nonphysical aggression does not involve physical harm, whereas physical aggression involves physically harming others.

Nonphysical aggression is more subtle, allowing individuals to be aggressive without appearing aggressive to others.

Relational or social aggression is intentionally harming another person's social relationships. It involves actions like gossiping, spreading rumors, and turning people against each other.

Verbal aggression, such as yelling, screaming, swearing, and name-calling, is a form of nonphysical aggression that can harm individuals emotionally and psychologically.

Intent to harm is a key factor in defining aggression.

Violence involves extreme physical harm as its goal, while aggression does not necessarily have to cause extreme harm.

When the goal of the behavior is to prevent further harm or pain, it may not be classified as aggressive.

Because the salesperson is not intending any harm, the behavior is considered assertive rather than aggressive.

Juries and judges frequently assess whether harm was done intentionally.

Behavior that is intended to harm another individual who does not wish to be harmed.

Intentional harm is perceived as worse than unintentional harm, even if the harms are identical.

Deindividuation refers to a state where individuals lose their personal identity and may engage in behaviors they would not normally engage in, such as discrimination.

Altered temporal perspective can lower inhibitions, making individuals more likely to engage in deindividuated behaviors.

Self-observation can help individuals monitor and regulate their behavior even in deindividuated states.

Deindividuation lowers the threshold for expressing behaviors that are usually inhibited by social norms or personal values.

The behaviors component of prejudice refers to discriminatory actions or treatment towards individuals based on their group membership.

Beliefs about the characteristics or behaviors of a social group can influence individuals' prejudiced attitudes and behaviors towards that group.

Category-based impressions involve generalizations about groups, while individuation focuses on recognizing individuals as unique and distinct.

Stereotypes can shape individuals' expectations and interactions with others, leading to self-fulfilling prophecies and biased judgments.

Stereotypes often cluster around competence and warmth, categorizing groups based on perceived abilities and social traits.

Expert communicators may be perceived as trustworthy because they know a lot about the product they are selling.

One approach is to help the person create a strong attitude.

Offering personal benefits can be important in persuasive communication.

Reframing views of 'us' and 'them' into 'we' is significant in reducing prejudice and promoting unity.

The principle of self-concern can influence how individuals respond to persuasive messages.

The perceived similarity between the communicator and the audience tends to increase persuasion.

Attractive communicators create a positive association with the product and increase the likelihood of acceptance of the message.

Appealing to self-concern can make the recipients feel good about themselves and increase the effectiveness of the communication.

Self-persuasion involves convincing oneself of an idea, making it more resistant to external influence.

Effective communication is crucial in democratic societies to ensure informed decision-making and the exchange of diverse opinions.

Persuasion is used by terrorists to manipulate governments into over-responding to threats by creating publicity for their causes through violent tactics.

Self-persuasion involves individuals generating their own messages in favor of or against something, while external persuasion involves deliberate presentation of messages to alter general evaluative judgments.

Considering cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects in persuasive communication is crucial for ensuring the message is well-received, processed, and acted upon by the target audience.

Effective communicators should first get the audience's attention, then deliver a compelling message, and finally ensure that the message is processed in the desired manner.

In democratic societies, persuasion is preferred over coercion as it respects individual autonomy and freedom of choice, aligning with the principles of democracy.

Parents can use the forewarning approach to help their children resist persuasion.

Forewarning can make a child less influenced by peer messages about smoking.

Self-persuasion is when individuals persuade themselves to change their attitudes or beliefs.

Effective communication is crucial in democratic societies to ensure informed decision-making.

Helping individuals develop strong attitudes can make them more resistant to outside influence.