Understanding Perception and Sensory Organs

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Questions and Answers

Which brain structure is primarily involved in the formation of new episodic memories?

Amygdala

Thalamus

Cerebellum

Hippocampus (correct)

At what age does dramatic linguistic acquisition typically occur, according to the development of autobiographical memory?

2-4 years (correct)

5-7 years

0-1 years

8-12 years

What is a significant barrier for young children in creating an autobiographical memory?

Undeveloped sense of self (correct)

Insufficient vocabulary

Limited social interaction

Reduced brain activity

What period is associated with the 'reminiscence bump' in autobiographical memory retention?

10-30 years Signup and view all the answers

In which aspect of development does autobiographical memory incorporate the importance of biology, language, and self-concept?

Social-cognitive development Signup and view all the answers

What is the perceived effect of recalling many new experiences over a year?

Time is perceived as going by slowly. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to our perception of time as we age and have fewer novel experiences?

We perceive time to move more quickly. Signup and view all the answers

In Pavlov's experiment, what does the unconditioned stimulus (US) represent?

An event that triggers an involuntary response. Signup and view all the answers

What is the conditioned response in classical conditioning?

The learned response to the conditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus?

The conditioned stimulus elicits a response on its own. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly defines conditioned stimulus?

A stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes bottom-up processing?

Building a perception based on sensory input. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key factor influencing our perception of time?

The number of familiar experiences. Signup and view all the answers

Which reinforcement schedule results in the most consistent responding due to unpredictability?

Variable Ratio Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the Fixed Ratio reinforcement schedule?

There is a pause in responding after reinforcement is delivered. Signup and view all the answers

How does a Variable Interval reinforcement schedule affect the rate of responding?

Encourages regular responding due to unpredictability. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the rate of responding if a reinforcer is missed in a Fixed Ratio schedule?

Responding may lead to extinction. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the characteristic of a Variable Ratio schedule?

Gambling is a common example due to its unpredictability. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of reinforcement schedule is typically the quickest to lead to extinction?

Fixed Interval Signup and view all the answers

In which reinforcement schedule are long gaps between reinforcers more common?

Variable Interval Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of the Variable Ratio schedule in terms of response rate?

Leads to rapid and constant responding. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of operant conditioning?

To strengthen or weaken a target behavior Signup and view all the answers

In shaping a behavior, what is the first step when training a rat to press a lever?

Reinforce sniffing the lever Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario best illustrates positive reinforcement?

Giving a child a snack for cleaning their room Signup and view all the answers

What does negative reinforcement involve?

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase a behavior Signup and view all the answers

In the context of training a dog, which of the following represents negative punishment?

Taking away its toys when it barks Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes classical conditioning?

It pairs a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus to elicit a response Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of reinforcement in behavioral training?

It can only be applied after a behavior is performed Signup and view all the answers

When teaching a dog not to bark at strangers, which method is an example of positive reinforcement?

Giving a treat when the dog remains quiet Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between reinforcement and behavior according to the content?

Reinforcement can be applied to both desirable and undesirable behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of children raised under authoritarian parenting?

Tendency to lie better Signup and view all the answers

What approach does authoritative parenting emphasize?

Flexibility in rules and high demands Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about permissive parenting is true?

The parent acts as a friend and allows the child to take charge. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence for children raised in uninvolved parenting?

Lack of support and guidance Signup and view all the answers

Which parenting style is most encouraged in the US?

Authoritative Signup and view all the answers

Children raised with a permissive parenting style often lack what important quality?

Self-discipline Signup and view all the answers

In authoritarian parenting, what is often low in regard to the parent-child relationship?

Expression of warmth Signup and view all the answers

What behavior might children raised in uninvolved homes exhibit?

Poor academic performance Signup and view all the answers

How do children in authoritative parenting typically feel about themselves?

Important and valued Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome for children raised in permissive households?

Participating in risky behaviors Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Our Perception of Time

Our perception of time is influenced by new experiences.
When we experience many new things, we perceive a longer period of time.
This happens because we recall many experiences within a year, making the year seem long.
As we age, our experiences become more familiar, and we have fewer novel events to recall, making the time feel shorter.

The Seven Senses

We have seven senses: sight, smell, taste, touch, hearing, proprioception (sense of body’s position) and vestibular (sense of balance).

The Primary Sensory Organs

Sight: Eyes
Smell: Nose
Taste: Tongue
Touch: Skin
Hearing: Ears
Proprioception: Muscles, joints, and tendons
Vestibular: Inner ear

Sensation vs. Perception

Sensation refers to the reception of information from the environment through sensory organs.
Perception is the interpretation of this information by the brain.

Perception vs. Reality

Perception is not always an accurate reflection of reality.
Example: An optical illusion can trick our perception of size or shape.

Bottom-Up vs. Top-Down Processing

Bottom-Up Processing: Processing information from the sensory organs to the brain.
Top-Down Processing: Using existing knowledge and expectations to interpret sensory information.
Example: Gestalt principles (e.g., proximity, similarity, closure) demonstrate how top-down processing influences our perception.

Factors Influencing Time Perception

Conditioning and Learning: Our experiences and memories influence our perception of time.

Behaviorism - Pavlov’s Experiment

Pavlov was interested in the digestive system and how dogs salivate.
He discovered that through repeated exposure to food, dogs began salivating before the food was even presented.

Classical Conditioning

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): A natural stimulus triggering an involuntary response.
Unconditioned Response (UCR): The involuntary response to the UCS.
Conditioned Stimulus (CS): A new stimulus paired with the UCS, eventually eliciting the same response as the UCS without the UCS present.
Conditioned Response (CR): The response to the CS.

Types of Conditioning

Classical Conditioning: Learned by pairing a new stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus until it becomes a conditioned stimulus.
Operant Conditioning: Target behavior is strengthened or weakened by reinforcement or punishment.

Operant Conditioning Concepts

Stimulus: A trigger, like a light turning on.
Target Response: The desired behavior, like pressing a lever.
Reinforcement: A consequence increasing the likelihood of the target response.
Punishment: A consequence decreasing the likelihood of the target response.

Shaping - Teaching a Desired Behavior

Shaping involves reinforcing successive behaviors until the desired response is learned.
Example: Teaching a rat to press a lever by reinforcing sniffing the lever, then putting a paw on it, and finally pressing it.

Reinforcement and Punishment

Positive Reinforcement: Adding something to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Negative Reinforcement: Removing something to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Positive Punishment: Adding something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
Negative Punishment: Removing something to decrease the likelihood of a behavior.

Reinforcement Schedules - How Much Responding?

Fixed Interval: Reinforcement after a fixed time interval, resulting in low responding and quick extinction.
Variable Interval: Reinforcement after unpredictable time intervals, leading to moderate and steady responding and high resistance to extinction.
Fixed Ratio: Reinforcement after a fixed number of responses, resulting in high responding with pauses after reinforcement.
Variable Ratio: Reinforcement after an unpredictable number of responses, leading to high and constant responding and high resistance to extinction.

Operant Conditioning Explained

Different from classical conditioning; focuses on voluntary behaviors and their consequences.
Shaping is used to teach complex behaviors.
The four types of reinforcement and punishment can either increase or decrease the likelihood of a behavior.
Primary reinforcers are unlearned rewards (e.g., food, water); Secondary reinforcers are learned rewards (e.g., money).

Childhood Development

Kindergarten: Children learn basic words, can engage in make-believe play, understand real vs. imaginary.
While they can copy behavior, they lack logical reasoning and often don't understand why they behave a certain way.

Parenting Styles

Authoritarian: Strict, controlling, high focus on obedience, low warmth. Can lead to anxious, withdrawn, and unhappy children.
Authoritative: Sets clear rules with explanation, warmth and affection, listens to child's point of view. Encourages high self-esteem, strong social skills.
Permissive: Few rules, focuses on nurturing, can lead to lack of self-discipline and disruptive behavior.
Uninvolved: Indifferent, few demands, may meet basic needs.

Autobiographical Memory

Memories of personal experiences.
Development depends on brain, language, and sense of self.
Emerges gradually in childhood.

Autobiographical Memory Retention

Reminiscence Bump: We tend to remember more events from ages 10 to 30.
This applies to autobiographical preferences, semantic memories, and applies to remembering recent events.

Culture and Reminiscence Bump

Cross-cultural differences exist in the reminiscence bump depending on cultural values and life experiences.

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Description

This quiz explores the concepts of perception and sensation, delving into how our experiences shape our perception of time. It also covers the seven senses and the primary sensory organs, clarifying the distinction between sensation and perception.