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Questions and Answers
What phenomenon occurs when a solvent moves through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated one until concentrations equalize?
What phenomenon occurs when a solvent moves through a semipermeable membrane from a dilute solution to a concentrated one until concentrations equalize?
- Effusion
- Osmosis (correct)
- Diffusion
- Tonicity
Which factor directly influences osmotic pressure?
Which factor directly influences osmotic pressure?
- Volume of the solution
- Nature of the solute (correct)
- Temperature of the solvent
- Size of the semipermeable membrane
Osmosis is driven by the natural propensity of water to flow from:
Osmosis is driven by the natural propensity of water to flow from:
- Areas of equal solute concentration
- Areas of concentrated solute to areas of more concentrated solute
- Areas of high solute concentration to areas of low solute concentration
- Areas of low solute concentration to areas of high solute concentration (correct)
In solutions containing a nonelectrolyte, osmotic pressure varies with what property of the solute?
In solutions containing a nonelectrolyte, osmotic pressure varies with what property of the solute?
For solutions containing an electrolyte, on what does osmotic pressure depend?
For solutions containing an electrolyte, on what does osmotic pressure depend?
Which type of solutes exert a greater osmotic pressure?
Which type of solutes exert a greater osmotic pressure?
What term describes two solutions having the same osmotic pressure?
What term describes two solutions having the same osmotic pressure?
What is the term for a solution having the same osmotic pressure as a specific body
What is the term for a solution having the same osmotic pressure as a specific body
What term describes solutions with osmotic pressure lower than that of a body fluid?
What term describes solutions with osmotic pressure lower than that of a body fluid?
What is the term for solutions having a higher osmotic pressure than a body fluid?
What is the term for solutions having a higher osmotic pressure than a body fluid?
For which applications are isotonic solutions generally better tolerated?
For which applications are isotonic solutions generally better tolerated?
Why are ophthalmic preparations often formulated to be isotonic or approximately isotonic?
Why are ophthalmic preparations often formulated to be isotonic or approximately isotonic?
What is the primary reason for buffering ophthalmic solutions?
What is the primary reason for buffering ophthalmic solutions?
What precaution should be taken when administering injections that are not isotonic?
What precaution should be taken when administering injections that are not isotonic?
Which colligative property is most commonly used for determining tonicity in pharmaceutical preparations?
Which colligative property is most commonly used for determining tonicity in pharmaceutical preparations?
What freezing point is generally accepted for both blood serum and lacrimal fluid?
What freezing point is generally accepted for both blood serum and lacrimal fluid?
When one gram molecular weight of a nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 1000 g of water, approximately how much is the freezing point lowered?
When one gram molecular weight of a nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 1000 g of water, approximately how much is the freezing point lowered?
Approximately how many grams of boric acid should be dissolved in 1000 g of water to create a solution isotonic with lacrimal fluid?
Approximately how many grams of boric acid should be dissolved in 1000 g of water to create a solution isotonic with lacrimal fluid?
If a sodium chloride solution is about 80% dissociated, how many particles do 100 molecules yield?
If a sodium chloride solution is about 80% dissociated, how many particles do 100 molecules yield?
What is the approximate amount of sodium chloride needed in 1000 g of water to create a solution isotonic with blood or lacrimal fluid?
What is the approximate amount of sodium chloride needed in 1000 g of water to create a solution isotonic with blood or lacrimal fluid?
In practice, what weight/volume percent of a sodium chloride solution is considered isotonic with body fluids?
In practice, what weight/volume percent of a sodium chloride solution is considered isotonic with body fluids?
Which variable is represented by 'i' in the context of isotonic solutions?
Which variable is represented by 'i' in the context of isotonic solutions?
What i value is generally assigned to nonelectrolytes and substances with slight dissociation when calculating isotonicity?
What i value is generally assigned to nonelectrolytes and substances with slight dissociation when calculating isotonicity?
A substance dissociates into 3 ions in solution. What 'i' value is typically assigned to it for isotonicity calculations?
A substance dissociates into 3 ions in solution. What 'i' value is typically assigned to it for isotonicity calculations?
Zinc sulfate dissociates 40% in a certain concentration. What is its dissociation (i) factor?
Zinc sulfate dissociates 40% in a certain concentration. What is its dissociation (i) factor?
What does the sodium chloride equivalent (E) represent?
What does the sodium chloride equivalent (E) represent?
Papaverine hydrochloride (m.w. 376) is a 2-ion electrolyte, dissociating 80% in a given concentration. What formula is used to calculate its sodium chloride equivalent?
Papaverine hydrochloride (m.w. 376) is a 2-ion electrolyte, dissociating 80% in a given concentration. What formula is used to calculate its sodium chloride equivalent?
If the number of grams of a substance in a prescription is multiplied by its sodium chloride equivalent, what does the result represent?
If the number of grams of a substance in a prescription is multiplied by its sodium chloride equivalent, what does the result represent?
Brimonidine tartrate has a molecular weight of 442, dissociates into two ions in solution, and is used as a 0.1% ophthalmic solution. Using the provided information, without additional formulation agents, would a 0.1% solution be isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic with tears?
Brimonidine tartrate has a molecular weight of 442, dissociates into two ions in solution, and is used as a 0.1% ophthalmic solution. Using the provided information, without additional formulation agents, would a 0.1% solution be isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic with tears?
What must be done to injections that aren't isotonic?
What must be done to injections that aren't isotonic?
What is the main colligative feature used to calculate tonicity?
What is the main colligative feature used to calculate tonicity?
If you have a 0.5% Proparacaine hydrochloride solution, what weight/volume percent of Pilocarpine hydrochloride solution do you need to add to make the prescription isotonic with body fluid?
If you have a 0.5% Proparacaine hydrochloride solution, what weight/volume percent of Pilocarpine hydrochloride solution do you need to add to make the prescription isotonic with body fluid?
If a solution is hypertonic relative to a red blood cell, what will happen to the cell?
If a solution is hypertonic relative to a red blood cell, what will happen to the cell?
A pharmaceutical solution has a particular additive with Freezing Point Depression of 0.08. You determine to have an additional 0.44 needed to be isotonic. What NaCl concentration is needed to lower the freezing point?
A pharmaceutical solution has a particular additive with Freezing Point Depression of 0.08. You determine to have an additional 0.44 needed to be isotonic. What NaCl concentration is needed to lower the freezing point?
Which of the following best describes how NaCl affects the tonicity of a solution?
Which of the following best describes how NaCl affects the tonicity of a solution?
Which type of medication are hypertonic solutions often used?
Which type of medication are hypertonic solutions often used?
You wish to create an isotonic solution by only using data relating to colligative properties. Theoretically, what may you use as the deciding factor?
You wish to create an isotonic solution by only using data relating to colligative properties. Theoretically, what may you use as the deciding factor?
Flashcards
Osmosis
Osmosis
The passage of a solvent from a dilute to a concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane, equalizing concentrations.
Osmotic pressure
Osmotic pressure
The pressure required to stop the flow of water during osmosis.
Nonelectrolyte
Nonelectrolyte
A substance that does not dissociate into ions in a solution; its osmotic pressure varies with the solute concentration.
Electrolyte
Electrolyte
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Isosmotic Solutions
Isosmotic Solutions
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Isotonic
Isotonic
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Hypotonic
Hypotonic
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Hypertonic
Hypertonic
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Ophthalmic Solutions
Ophthalmic Solutions
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Isotonic Solution Calculations
Isotonic Solution Calculations
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Isotonic Solution Determination
Isotonic Solution Determination
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Dissociation Factor (i)
Dissociation Factor (i)
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Sodium Chloride Equivalent
Sodium Chloride Equivalent
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Calculating NaCl Equivalent Contribution
Calculating NaCl Equivalent Contribution
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Freezing Point Data Use
Freezing Point Data Use
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Tonic Agent examples
Tonic Agent examples
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Study Notes
- Osmosis is when a solvent travels through a semipermeable membrane, moving from a dilute solution to a more concentrated one until the concentrations are equal.
- Osmotic pressure drives osmosis and is affected by the solute properties.
- Osmosis is a key biological process for cells and tissues, involving water molecule movement from high water concentration to low water concentration areas across a semi-permeable barrier.
- Water flows from high to low concentration to achieve equilibrium.
- If the solute is a non-electrolyte, the solution contains only molecules, and osmotic pressure changes with the solute's concentration.
- If the solute is an electrolyte, the solution contains ions, and osmotic pressure is determined by the solute concentration and its dissociation degree.
- Solutes that dissociate have more particles in solution, resulting in higher osmotic pressure than those that stay undissociated.
- Isosmotic solutions share the same osmotic pressure.
- Solutions are often made to match body fluids' osmotic pressure for comfort, efficacy, and safety.
- Isotonic solutions match the osmotic pressure of a specific body fluid, with "isotonic" meaning "equal tone".
- Hypotonic solutions have a lower osmotic pressure than body fluids do while hypertonic solutions have a higher osmotic pressure.
- Pharmacists should pay close attention to dosage forms meant for direct blood contact or mixing, notably those for eye, nose, and bowel applications.
- Ophthalmic and parenteral administrations use isotonic solutions because they are better tolerated than solutions at the extremes of hypo- and hypertonicity.
- Isotonic solutions help maintain homeostasis within the body’s cells.
- Isotonic preparations are preferred, but exceptions exist as hypertonic solutions can draw fluids from swollen tissues into the administered solution.
- Ophthalmic products are generally made to be isotonic, or nearly so, similar to the eye's natural tears, to ensure patient comfort.
- Ophthalmic solutions are prepared and buffered to the correct pH to avoid irritation and maintain stable preparations.
- Non-isotonic injections should be given slowly and in small doses to minimize tissue irritation, pain, and fluid imbalances in cells.
- Calculations for creating isotonic solutions involve data related to the solutions’ colligative properties.
- Theoretically, tonicity can be determined by any colligative property.
- Freezing point comparison is a practical way to measure tonicity - -0.52°C is the known freezing point for both blood serum and lacrimal fluid.
- For non-electrolytes (like boric acid) dissolving one gram molecular weight in 1000g of water lowers the freezing point by roughly 1.86°C.
- To make a solution isotonic with bodily fluids, the amount of solute needed can be determined via proportion.
- 17.3 g of boric acid in 1000 g of water makes a solution isotonic with tear fluid, having about 1.73% weight-in-volume strength.
- Electrolytes have a more complex problem as osmotic pressure is influenced more by the number of particles. Dissociating substances create a tonic effect dependent on the dissociation degree.
- Greater dissociation among molecules needs a lower quantity to achieve specific osmotic pressure.
- To calculate the strength of sodium chloride isotonic solution (molecular weight 58.5), dissociation factor i must be part of the proportion.
- A dissociation factor relates to the amount of particles derived compared to that which would yield a non-electrolyte. It is symbolized as i. Solutions are usually near 80% dissociation, or 1.8, in weak solutions.
- A 0.9% w/v sodium chloride solution is considered isotonic with body fluids.
- Calculations may be performed using the formula: 0.52 x molecular weight / 1.86 x dissociation(i) = g of solute per 1000 g of water.
- The i value for many salts is often not determined experimentally, but similar salts show predictable behavior.
- Common i values:
- Non-electrolytes that have a negligible dissociation: i = 1.0.
- Substances dissociating into 2 ions: i = 1.8
- Substances dissociating into 3 ions: i = 2.6
- Substances dissociating into 4 ions: i = 3.4
- Substances dissociating into 5 ions: i = 4.2
- Formula to calculate how much sodium chloride is represented through atropine sulfate: Molecular weight of sodium chloride / i factor of sodium chloride X i Factor of the substance / Molecular weight of the substance = Sodium chloride equivalent.
- If the grams included in a prescription are multiplied against sodium chloride equivalent the amount of sodium chloride that substance is represented is obtained.
- To determine if brimonidine tartrate will be isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic with tears without additional components: 58.5/ 1.8 x 1.8 / 442 = 0.13 sodium chloride equivalent. The result would then be hypotonic.
- Steps for Isotonic solution calculations via sodium chloride equivalents:
- Determine the sodium chloride amount indicated for each prescription ingredient - multiply amount of each ingredient with its sodium chloride equivalent.
- Determine the amount of sodium chloride in an isotonic solution at the volume of the prescription amount: the amount of sodium chloride in a 0.9% solution of the specified volume.
- Subtract amount of sodium chloride represented in prescription by total sodium chloride alone the quantity. T amount of sodium chloride will be needed to make the solution isotonic.
- If an agent separate from sodium chloride i.e. boric acid, dextrose, or mannitol is to be used, divide sodium chloride volume through sodium chloride equal of other substance
- Steps to use 0.9% w/v sodium chloride solutions to create other isotonic solutions:
- Determine the required drug substance number to replenish the medication.
- Use equation for the mL needed to make isotonic one drug substance: g of drug x drug's E volume / 0.009 = mL water to make drug isotonic
- Add to the solution: 0.9% w/v chloride solution needed to fill prescription.
- The freezing point value (delta Tf) can be part of tonicity calculations when any agent brings a tonic presence but cant reach certain biological membranes i.e. blood cells.
- Pharmaceutical solutions that have a 0.52C freezing point temperature level is isotonic as stated before blood and lacrimal fluid each carries this freezing temperature.
- Remember:
- NaCl’s M W =58.5
- NaCl’s Dissociation factor =1.8
- Isotonic solution’s Freezing point = - 0.52
- Nonelectrolyte solution Freezing point that is isotonic (1 g M W): -1.86
- Electrolyte solution Freezing point that is isotonic (1 g M W): -1.86 × i
- 1% NaCl Freezing depression point = 0.58
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