38 Questions
What is the direction of movement of water in osmosis?
From an area with more water to an area with less water
What happens to cells placed in an isotonic solution?
There is no net gain or loss of water
What is osmotic pressure?
The ability of osmosis to move a volume of water
What happens to cells placed in a hypertonic solution?
They lose water
What happens to cells placed in a hypotonic solution?
They gain water
What determines the direction of osmosis?
Concentration of solutes
What is the most common mode of transmission?
Contact
What is an example of indirect contact?
Touching unclean surfaces such as an endoscope
What is a common infection spread through droplet transmission?
Influenza
What is an example of airborne transmission?
Measles
What is the purpose of performing hand hygiene at the appropriate moments?
To reduce the risk of contact transmission
What is an example of direct contact?
Shaking hands
What should be done to prevent the spread of infection through indirect contact?
All of the above
Why is it important to understand the modes of transmission?
To implement appropriate IPAC measures
Why is it important to wear a mask?
When involved in tasks that could generate splashes
What is the purpose of long sleeved gowns?
To protect skin and clothing
What is essential in addition to PPE?
Adherence to basic infection prevention and control practices and policies
What is an example of engineering controls?
Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems
What should be done to equipment used by more than one patient?
It should be cleaned and disinfected between each patient use
What is an example of environmental controls?
Cleaning of the healthcare environment
What is an important aspect of administrative controls?
Educating staff about infection and transmission
What is an example of routine practices?
Healthy workplace policies
What is a significant mode of transmission of disease?
Via a contaminated vehicle such as food or water
What is a vector?
An animal or insect that carries and spreads disease
Which of the following is a common vector-borne disease?
Dengue fever
When should MDRD personnel perform hand hygiene?
When entering or exiting the hospital, and after handling blood or body fluids
What is the single most important measure for preventing HAIs?
Performing hand hygiene
What is an important step in hand hygiene?
Washing hands with soap and water when visibly soiled
What is the purpose of hand hygiene?
To prevent the transmission of direct and indirect microorganisms
When should hand hygiene be performed in addition to the listed times?
Before preparing or handling sterile products
What is a primary consideration when selecting PPE?
The type of task being performed
Why should you avoid sharing PPE?
To prevent the spread of infection
What is a key feature of a gown used in MDRD?
Impervious to fluids
When should you change your gloves?
Between tasks or procedures
What is the primary purpose of an N95 respirator?
To filter out small airborne particles
What should you do with soiled PPE?
Discard it in an appropriate manner
What is a key consideration when selecting face and eye protection?
The fit of the protection around the nose and eyes
Why should you not wear an N95 respirator with facial hair?
It will reduce the effectiveness of the respirator
Study Notes
Water Chemistry
- Movement of water (solvent) from area with high concentration to area with low concentration (high to low)
- Osmosis: movement of water from area with more water to area with less water
- Osmotic Pressure: ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water
- Isotonic: same osmotic pressure; cells placed in isotonic solution have no net gain or loss of water
- Hypertonic: higher osmotic pressure; cells placed in hypertonic solution lose water
- Hypotonic: lower osmotic pressure; cells placed in hypotonic solution gain water
Modes of Transmission
- Contact: most common mode of transmission
- Direct: transferred via person to person (e.g. shaking hands)
- Indirect: transferred between individuals and contaminated surfaces/fomites
- Droplet: involves contact of mucous membranes (nose, mouth, eyes)
- Examples: influenza, COVID, respiratory viruses
- Airborne: occurs when airborne particles remain suspended in the air
- Examples: Chickpox, measles, tuberculosis
- Vehicle: contaminated food or water supply
- Vector: animals or insects that carry and spread disease (e.g. mosquitoes)
Hand Hygiene
- Single most important measure for preventing HAIs in patients and staff
- Ideal times for hand hygiene (HH):
- When entering or exiting the hospital
- After handling blood or body fluids
- When hands are visibly soiled
- Between contact with patients or equipment
- Between procedures involving clean and dirty equipment
- Before preparing or handling sterile products
- Includes washing hands with soap and water when visibly soiled, and using ABHR at other times
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
- Gloves:
- Appropriate for the task
- Fluid-resistant
- Designed to protect staff from exposure to contaminated fluids
- Long enough to cover wrists and forearms
- Sufficient thickness to be highly tear-resistant
- Gowns:
- Protect staff from splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, or chemicals
- If reusable, must be laundered in accordance with CAN/CSA Z314 standards
- Must be impervious (fluid-resistant) and fireproof
- Face and Eye Protection:
- Mask/Face Protection: may be used in addition to eye protection
- Eye Protection: used in addition to mask when there is a risk of splashes or sprays
- Respirator:
- Blocks at least 95% of airborne particles if properly fitted
- Requires fit-testing
- Not designed for children or people with facial hair
- Not typically used in MDRD
PPE – Selection and Use
- Selected according to the degree of risk to exposure
- Avoid contact between contaminated PPE and clean surfaces, clothing, or unsuspecting individuals
- Soiled PPE must be discarded in an appropriate manner
- Do not share PPE
- Remove PPE completely and clean hands at the end of the shift
- Gloves should be clean, non-sterile, and changed between tasks or procedures; never reused
- Face/eye protection should be well-fitted around the nose and eyes
- Long-sleeved gowns should be impervious to protect skin and clothing
- PPE does not replace the need for adherence to basic infection prevention and control practices and policies
This quiz covers the concept of osmosis, osmotic pressure, and passive transport in water chemistry, including isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions.
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