Water Chemistry: Osmosis and Osmotic Pressure

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Questions and Answers

What is the direction of movement of water in osmosis?

Against the concentration gradient

From an area with more water to an area with less water (correct)

From an area with less water to an area with more water

Randomly in all directions

What happens to cells placed in an isotonic solution?

There is no net gain or loss of water (correct)

They lose water

They explode

They gain water

What is osmotic pressure?

The ability of osmosis to move a volume of water (correct)

The rate of osmosis

The concentration of solutes in a solution

The energy required for osmosis

What happens to cells placed in a hypertonic solution?

They lose water Signup and view all the answers

What happens to cells placed in a hypotonic solution?

They gain water Signup and view all the answers

What determines the direction of osmosis?

Concentration of solutes Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common mode of transmission?

Contact Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of indirect contact?

Touching unclean surfaces such as an endoscope Signup and view all the answers

What is a common infection spread through droplet transmission?

Influenza Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of airborne transmission?

Measles Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of performing hand hygiene at the appropriate moments?

To reduce the risk of contact transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of direct contact?

Shaking hands Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to prevent the spread of infection through indirect contact?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand the modes of transmission?

To implement appropriate IPAC measures Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to wear a mask?

When involved in tasks that could generate splashes Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of long sleeved gowns?

To protect skin and clothing Signup and view all the answers

What is essential in addition to PPE?

Adherence to basic infection prevention and control practices and policies Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of engineering controls?

Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to equipment used by more than one patient?

It should be cleaned and disinfected between each patient use Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of environmental controls?

Cleaning of the healthcare environment Signup and view all the answers

What is an important aspect of administrative controls?

Educating staff about infection and transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of routine practices?

Healthy workplace policies Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant mode of transmission of disease?

Via a contaminated vehicle such as food or water Signup and view all the answers

What is a vector?

An animal or insect that carries and spreads disease Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common vector-borne disease?

Dengue fever Signup and view all the answers

When should MDRD personnel perform hand hygiene?

When entering or exiting the hospital, and after handling blood or body fluids Signup and view all the answers

What is the single most important measure for preventing HAIs?

Performing hand hygiene Signup and view all the answers

What is an important step in hand hygiene?

Washing hands with soap and water when visibly soiled Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of hand hygiene?

To prevent the transmission of direct and indirect microorganisms Signup and view all the answers

When should hand hygiene be performed in addition to the listed times?

Before preparing or handling sterile products Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary consideration when selecting PPE?

The type of task being performed Signup and view all the answers

Why should you avoid sharing PPE?

To prevent the spread of infection Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of a gown used in MDRD?

Impervious to fluids Signup and view all the answers

When should you change your gloves?

Between tasks or procedures Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an N95 respirator?

To filter out small airborne particles Signup and view all the answers

What should you do with soiled PPE?

Discard it in an appropriate manner Signup and view all the answers

What is a key consideration when selecting face and eye protection?

The fit of the protection around the nose and eyes Signup and view all the answers

Why should you not wear an N95 respirator with facial hair?

It will reduce the effectiveness of the respirator Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Water Chemistry

Movement of water (solvent) from area with high concentration to area with low concentration (high to low)
Osmosis: movement of water from area with more water to area with less water
Osmotic Pressure: ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to move a volume of water
Isotonic: same osmotic pressure; cells placed in isotonic solution have no net gain or loss of water
Hypertonic: higher osmotic pressure; cells placed in hypertonic solution lose water
Hypotonic: lower osmotic pressure; cells placed in hypotonic solution gain water

Modes of Transmission

Contact: most common mode of transmission
Direct: transferred via person to person (e.g. shaking hands)
Indirect: transferred between individuals and contaminated surfaces/fomites
Droplet: involves contact of mucous membranes (nose, mouth, eyes)
Examples: influenza, COVID, respiratory viruses
Airborne: occurs when airborne particles remain suspended in the air
Examples: Chickpox, measles, tuberculosis
Vehicle: contaminated food or water supply
Vector: animals or insects that carry and spread disease (e.g. mosquitoes)

Hand Hygiene

Single most important measure for preventing HAIs in patients and staff
Ideal times for hand hygiene (HH):
When entering or exiting the hospital
After handling blood or body fluids
When hands are visibly soiled
Between contact with patients or equipment
Between procedures involving clean and dirty equipment
Before preparing or handling sterile products
Includes washing hands with soap and water when visibly soiled, and using ABHR at other times

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Gloves:
Appropriate for the task
Fluid-resistant
Designed to protect staff from exposure to contaminated fluids
Long enough to cover wrists and forearms
Sufficient thickness to be highly tear-resistant
Gowns:
Protect staff from splashes or sprays of blood, body fluids, or chemicals
If reusable, must be laundered in accordance with CAN/CSA Z314 standards
Must be impervious (fluid-resistant) and fireproof
Face and Eye Protection:
Mask/Face Protection: may be used in addition to eye protection
Eye Protection: used in addition to mask when there is a risk of splashes or sprays
Respirator:
Blocks at least 95% of airborne particles if properly fitted
Requires fit-testing
Not designed for children or people with facial hair
Not typically used in MDRD

PPE – Selection and Use

Selected according to the degree of risk to exposure
Avoid contact between contaminated PPE and clean surfaces, clothing, or unsuspecting individuals
Soiled PPE must be discarded in an appropriate manner
Do not share PPE
Remove PPE completely and clean hands at the end of the shift
Gloves should be clean, non-sterile, and changed between tasks or procedures; never reused
Face/eye protection should be well-fitted around the nose and eyes
Long-sleeved gowns should be impervious to protect skin and clothing
PPE does not replace the need for adherence to basic infection prevention and control practices and policies

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Description

This quiz covers the concept of osmosis, osmotic pressure, and passive transport in water chemistry, including isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic solutions.