Understanding Operating System Resources and Users
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Questions and Answers

What is the main purpose of an operating system?

  • To design computer hardware
  • To analyze computer system performance
  • To develop computer programs
  • To provide computer system resources to users (correct)

    • In the context of the text, what are the 'resources' referred to?

  • Natural energy sources
  • Computer system components and capabilities (correct)
  • Human resources within an organization
  • Financial assets

    • Who or what are the 'users' mentioned in the text?

  • People who interact with the computer system (correct)
  • Individuals who design operating systems
  • Material used in manufacturing computer systems
  • Software programs installed on the computer

    • What is meant by 'conveniently' in the context of the text?

    <p>Efficiently and easily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines how convenient it is to use a computer system?

    <p>Purpose for which the system is built</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of computer systems, what does 'special-purpose' refer to?

    <p>Programs designed for specific tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the trade-off for making more performance or efficiency gains in a computer system?

    <p>Decreased convenience</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main trade-off for general-purpose systems according to the text?

    <p>Flexibility at the expense of speed and efficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential of general-purpose systems with the correct software?

    <p>Theoretically infinite types of functions and operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of special-purpose systems, according to the text?

    <p>They are designed for specific tasks and cannot perform other functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a special-purpose system as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Gaming consoles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the main limitations of special-purpose systems, based on the information provided?

    <p>They cannot perform other functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of open-source operating systems?

    <p>Their source code is available for users to modify</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which are two well-known open-source operating systems mentioned in the text?

    <p>Linux and BSD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of open-source computing in the development of operating systems?

    <p>Collaboration and modification of source code</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between a single processor and a multiprocessor system?

    <p>A single processor system has one general purpose CPU, while a multiprocessor system has two or more CPUs operating in parallel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What trade-off does a multiprocessor system make in order to augment system performance?

    <p>Shares all system resources and Operates in parallel to augment system performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a multiprocessor system?

    <p>More efficient utilization of resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a multiprocessor and a multi-core system?

    <p>Number of cores in a processor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of using a multiprocessor system?

    <p>Enhanced multitasking capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of a multi-processor system?

    <p>Independence of each processor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of computer systems, what does 'high-performance computing (via parallelization)' refer to?

    <p>Utilizing multiple processors to execute tasks simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of clustered systems?

    <p>High-availability via redundancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the convenience of using a clustered system?

    <p>The number of nodes in the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the different computing environments mentioned in the text?

    <p>Traditional, mobile, and distributed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a distributed computing environment?

    <p>Enhanced scalability and fault tolerance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between traditional and mobile computing environments?

    <p>Traditional environments have less processing power, memory, and storage than mobile environments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of special-purpose systems based on the information provided?

    <p>They have limited functionality and cannot perform a wide range of tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the convenience of using a clustered system?

    <p>The speed of the network connecting the cluster nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main types of distributed systems mentioned in the text?

    <p>Client-server and Peer-to-peer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary trade-off for using a distributed system?

    <p>Complexity and potential network latency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of open-source operating systems?

    <p>Free access to the source code and collaborative development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of peer-to-peer systems as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Equal participation of machines as peers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary trade-off for using a peer-to-peer system according to the text?

    <p>Potential bottleneck at the server</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of distributed computing, what does 'all machines are equal (peers)' imply?

    <p>All machines have identical capabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of utilizing a peer-to-peer system in a distributed network?

    <p>Elimination of potential server bottleneck</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a client-server system?

    <p>The server machine handles requests from the client machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a client-server system?

    <p>Ability to handle large numbers of clients efficiently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of a peer-to-peer system compared to a client-server system?

    <p>Limited control over the network by individual machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In peer-to-peer systems, what role do the peers/machines play?

    <p>Both server and client</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary trade-off when using virtualization to run an OS inside another OS?

    <p>Decreased performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of Cloud Computing, as mentioned in the text?

    <p>Virtualization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using emulation to mimic other hardware, as described in the text?

    <p>To enhance compatibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the Hypervisor or Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) on the host machine?

    <p>Running the guest OSes and managing their system resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the hypervisor or Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) on the host machine?

    <p>Managing and allocating physical hardware resources to the virtual machines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the hypervisor protect when there are multiple guests running?

    <p>The integrity and isolation of each guest operating system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of real-time embedded systems?

    <p>They are designed to operate with very limited/dedicated functionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of system is Raspberry Pi an example of?

    <p>General-purpose system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key trade-off for utilizing real-time embedded systems?

    <p>Limited customization and functionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of real-time embedded systems compared to traditional computer systems?

    <p>Smaller size and lower cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of a bus in a typical computer system?

    <p>It connects all components where data is transmitted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of real-time embedded systems?

    <p>They are time-sensitive and require immediate response to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    what are the step in instruction cycle

    <ol> <li>Fetch 2. Decode 3. Load 4. Execute 5. Store</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the CPU in Von Neumann architecture?

    <p>Instruction execution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Von Neumann architecture?

    <p>Separate memory for program and data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the Hypervisor or Virtual Machine Manager (VMM) on the host machine?

    <p>Resource allocation and management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the booting up process?

    <p>Power run self test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the flash card store in the booting up process?

    <p>MBR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the MBR store in the booting up process?

    <p>Instructions to find the operating system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the set of instructions on how to load the operating system called in the booting up process?

    <p>Bootstrap</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first sector of the primary master drive called?

    <p>Boot sector</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the CPU default to in most PCs to load the BIOS?

    <p>Hardwired address in ROM/EEPROM</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the BIOS load from the boot sector into memory?

    <p>Master Boot Record (MBR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To which component is control handed after the Master Boot Record (MBR) is loaded?

    <p>CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the 2nd stage bootloader?

    <p>It knows about all the OSes on the system and loads them into memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why does the 1st stage bootloader load the 2nd stage bootloader into memory and transfer control to it?

    <p>To allow the 2nd stage bootloader to know about all the OSes on the system and handle their loading into memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of GNU GRUB or Windows BOOTMGR/NTLDR in the booting up process?

    <p>They help in choosing an OS to load and how to load it (e.g. safe mode)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the 1st stage bootloader in the booting up process?

    <p>To transfer control to the kernel after loading the 2nd stage bootloader</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical sequence of events when a CPU receives an interrupt signal?

    <p>Receive interrupt signal, stop and save what it was doing, execute corresponding ISR, return to what it was doing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component of a computer system handles interrupt signals from hardware or software?

    <p>CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the booting up process, what is the main purpose of a Master Boot Record (MBR)?

    <p>Load the operating system into memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) is executed?

    <p>The CPU returns to what it was doing before the interrupt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does ISR stand for in computing?

    <p>Interrupt Service Routines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of open-source computing in the development of operating systems?

    <p>Transparency and collaborative improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of Von Neumann architecture in computer systems?

    <p>Separation of program and data memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary trade-off for using a peer-to-peer system according to the text?

    <p>Limited scalability and reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of an interrupt vector/table in computer systems?

    <p>To handle each interrupt differently with its own interrupt handler</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary responsibility of the 1st stage bootloader in the booting up process?

    <p>Load the 2nd stage bootloader into memory and transfer control to it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main trade-off for using a peer-to-peer system according to the text?

    <p>High latency and slow data transfer speeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs after an Interrupt Service Routine (ISR) is executed in a computer system?

    <p>Control is returned to the point from which the interrupt occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a maskable interrupt in a CPU?

    <p>To be ignored for lower priority tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the non-maskable interrupt play in a CPU?

    <p>It is used for highest priority tasks such as timers and critical hardware errors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of a non-maskable interrupt in a CPU?

    <p>It cannot be ignored and is used for highest priority tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of CPU interrupts, what does 'maskable' mean?

    <p>The interrupt can be ignored and is used for lower priority tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during synchronous I/O (blocking) in a CPU?

    <p>The request program waits for completion of the request</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of the CPU when executing I/O commands?

    <p>Load a device controller buffer with a request</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a synchronous I/O (blocking) in a CPU?

    <p>The request program waits for completion of the request</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the behavior of the request program during synchronous I/O (blocking)?

    <p>It waits for completion of the request</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary advantage of using asynchronous I/O (non-blocking)?

    <p>Minimizes wait time for the requesting program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of using asynchronous I/O (non-blocking)?

    <p>Increased risk of missing or mishandling data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of an interrupt in asynchronous I/O (non-blocking)?

    <p>Signalling the completion of the I/O request to the requesting program</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does asynchronous I/O (non-blocking) differ from synchronous I/O (blocking)?

    <p>Asynchronous I/O does not require the requesting program to wait for completion, while synchronous I/O does</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a drawback of the device controller interrupting the CPU for every byte transfer?

    <p>It results in an inefficient use of CPU cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the device controller's behavior impact the CPU's operations?

    <p>It causes the CPU to halt its current operations frequently</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of the constant interrupts from the device controller?

    <p>Decreased overall system performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the frequent interrupting of the CPU by the device controller affect the system's efficiency?

    <p>It reduces the system's efficiency due to wastage of CPU cycles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of Direct Memory Access (DMA) in computer systems?

    <p>To eliminate inefficiency of I/O transfers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a non-maskable interrupt in a CPU?

    <p>It cannot be disabled by the CPU</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does asynchronous I/O (non-blocking) differ from synchronous I/O (blocking)?

    <p>Asynchronous I/O doesn't require CPU attention during data transfer, while synchronous I/O blocks the CPU during data transfer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential disadvantage of using asynchronous I/O (non-blocking)?

    <p>It can lead to increased complexity in programming</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Direct Memory Access (DMA) as described in the text?

    <p>To directly access main memory without CPU intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when a disk controller reads an entire block/sector from the disk into memory, based on the text?

    <p>The CPU takes control of memory via the bus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Direct Memory Access (DMA) handle interrupts during data transfer, based on the text?

    <p>Interrupts occur only once when the entire data transfer request is complete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of using Direct Memory Access (DMA) in data transfer, according to the text?

    <p>Reduced load on the CPU during data transfer operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

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