Questions and Answers
According to the health belief model, which factor influences health-related actions the most?
Protection motivation theory includes which of the following components?
Which of the following is a common symptom measured by the geriatric anxiety inventory?
What does the theory of reasoned action primarily explain?
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How does the theory of planned behavior differ from the theory of reasoned action?
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Which of the following stages is NOT part of the stages of change model?
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What is the main focus of self-regulation theory?
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What does social readjustment involve?
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What is a primary purpose of the Maslach stress and burnout inventory?
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Which of the following is NOT a dimension measured by the Maslach stress and burnout inventory?
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In the stages of change model, which stage follows 'contemplation'?
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What role do neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine play in the effects of amphetamines?
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What challenges do individuals face according to the goal dysregulation model during manic episodes?
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What characterizes factitious disorder?
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Which of the following best defines sensory disturbance?
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What is a primary motivation behind malingering?
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Which system is known as the hormonal stress response system?
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What does alexithymia specifically affect in individuals?
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How is somatosensory amplification described?
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Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding factitious disorder?
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Which psychological feature is commonly associated with somatic symptom disorders?
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What characterizes binge eating disorder?
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Which non-nutritive substances might someone with pica consume?
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What is the primary focus of the eating disorders inventory (EDI)?
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What does incidence refer to in the context of health?
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What type of care is provided in inpatient treatment?
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What is the goal of motivational enhancement therapy (MET)?
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What is muscle dysmorphia primarily concerned with?
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What does withdrawal indicate in substance dependency?
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What is the main premise of the disease model of addiction?
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Which disorder is characterized by problematic gambling behavior?
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Which type of therapy can help individuals weigh the pros and cons of behavior change?
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What are cognitive errors?
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What is the public health model focused on?
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What defines a culture-bound syndrome?
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What does self-monitoring primarily aim to enhance?
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Which best describes depersonalization?
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What is derealization characterized by?
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What identifies depersonalization disorder?
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What is the main feature of identity alteration?
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How is dissociative fugue defined?
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What does dissociative amnesia primarily involve?
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What distinguishes dissociative identity disorder?
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What is the purpose of a structured interview?
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What characterizes post-hypnotic amnesia?
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Which component is NOT included in the sexual dysfunction model?
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What impact do traumatic experiences have on the hippocampus and amygdala?
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What is characteristic of the desire phase in the sexual response cycle?
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What condition is characterized by excessive preoccupation with sexual thoughts and urges?
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What is state-dependent memory?
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What does iatrogenesis refer to in a medical context?
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Which sexual dysfunction is characterized by a lack of arousal despite appropriate sexual stimuli?
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What defines bulimia nervosa?
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Sensate focus exercises are aimed at enhancing what aspect in relationships?
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What is the primary hormone involved in estrogen therapy?
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What distinguishes paraphilias from other sexual interests?
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Which paraphilic disorder involves sexual arousal from exposing one's genitals?
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What is a common symptom of hypertension?
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Which condition is characterized by intense sexual arousal from inflicting pain?
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Which disorder involves recurrent sexual arousal from experiencing humiliation?
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What is gender dysphoria primarily associated with?
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What does hyperactive sexual desire disorder NOT typically lead to?
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What defines voyeuristic disorder?
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What is the primary goal of social skills training?
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Which of the following describes expressive skills?
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Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors?
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Which is NOT one of the types included in Cluster B personality disorders?
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What is the characteristic of Cluster C personality disorders?
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What differentiates receptive skills from expressive skills?
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Which personality disorder is characterized by impulsivity as a primary feature?
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What characterizes attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?
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Which of the following accurately describes executive functions?
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What is a defining characteristic of specific learning disorder?
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Which statement best defines autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?
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What does selective mutism entail?
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Which of the following describes enuresis?
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What is vascular dementia primarily caused by?
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What are focal neurological symptoms?
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What is considered a significant indicator of intellectual disability?
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What is the purpose of the bell and pad method?
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What characterizes schizotypal personality disorder?
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What is a key feature of narcissistic personality disorder?
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Which disorder involves a pervasive distrust of others?
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Which of the following is indicative of avoidant personality disorder?
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What is a primary characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?
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Which of these behaviors is often associated with histrionic personality disorder?
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Which trait is commonly associated with individuals suffering from dependent personality disorder?
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What distinguishes psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder?
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What does Linehan's biosocial model focus on in relation to borderline personality disorder?
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What is the main focus of Beck's cognitive model in therapy?
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How do dimensions and categories differ in the diagnosis of psychological disorders?
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What is a defining characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?
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What does the labelling effect describe?
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What defines apraxia?
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Which statement best describes agnosia?
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What characterizes Lewy body dementia?
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What is the purpose of the geriatric anxiety inventory?
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What does health psychology primarily study?
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Which hormone is known as the 'stress hormone' and is produced in response to stress?
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What disorder is characterized by severe and frequent temper outbursts in children and adolescents?
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What is commonly defined as the inability to experience pleasure in formerly enjoyable activities?
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What are traits or conditions that help prevent the development of mental disorders known as?
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What is a mood disorder defined by a long-lasting pattern of mild to moderate depressive symptoms?
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Which disorder is characterized by a pattern of behaviors that violate other people's rights?
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What treatment involves inducing controlled seizures through electrical currents in the brain?
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What is pleasant activity scheduling intended to address?
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What distinguishes bipolar disorder 1 from bipolar disorder 2?
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What is the primary focus of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)?
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In the context of bipolar disorder, what characterizes rapid cycling?
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What is a hypomanic episode primarily characterized by?
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What issue does underdiagnosis in mental health lead to?
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Which symptoms are typically associated with depression?
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What is cyclothymic disorder characterized by?
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What does meta-analysis allow researchers to do?
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What is an example of relapse prevention for depression?
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What characterizes the acute phase of schizophrenia?
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Which phase follows the stabilization of acute symptoms in schizophrenia?
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What is a defining feature of the late recovery phase in schizophrenia?
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Which of the following describes enduring psychosis?
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What does the concordance rate measure?
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What is the role of neurotransmitters in the dopamine hypothesis related to schizophrenia?
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What characterizes tardive dyskinesia?
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What is the main feature of somatic symptom disorder?
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Which statement best describes la belle indifference?
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What is the primary goal of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)?
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Which of the following describes positive symptoms of schizophrenia?
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What characterizes alogia in individuals with schizophrenia?
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What defines a delusion of reference?
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What is a notable symptom of disorganized thinking in individuals?
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How is catatonic behavior primarily characterized?
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What indicates the onset depression phase?
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Which of the following best describes a grandiose delusion?
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What is a significant feature of a paranoid delusion?
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What best defines affective flattening in schizophrenia?
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What phase precedes the first significant symptoms of schizophrenia?
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What is a common misconception about somatic delusions?
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What is the premorbid phase in schizophrenia?
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What does paranoia typically involve?
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What are the primary effects of amphetamines?
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How does substance misuse affect individuals with bipolar disorder?
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What does the goal dysregulation model suggest about individuals with bipolar disorder?
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Which temperamental traits are associated with the risk of developing bipolar disorder?
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What is the main purpose of psychoeducation in mental health treatment?
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In which of the following scenarios is substance misuse commonly observed in bipolar disorder?
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What characterizes obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?
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What are common symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?
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What does negative reinforcement involve?
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What is prepared classical conditioning?
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What is the purpose of exposure therapy?
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What distinguishes in vivo exposure from other exposure techniques?
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What is flooding in the context of exposure therapy?
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What does self-efficacy refer to?
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What is the main focus of psychotherapy?
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Which principle describes the ego's ability to satisfy needs realistically?
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How are neuroses primarily characterized?
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What is a key characteristic of psychoses?
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Which therapeutic technique involves gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimuli?
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What is the purpose of a token economy?
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What does cognitive restructuring aim to achieve?
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In the context of therapy, what is a behavioral experiment?
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Self-actualization refers to what concept in psychology?
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What defines conditions of worth in psychology?
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What is comorbidity?
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What is the diathesis-stress model used to explain?
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Which disorder is characterized by an intense fear of social scrutiny?
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What type of anxiety disorder involves avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult?
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What does statistical rarity help identify?
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What is meant by norm violation?
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Which statement best describes distress?
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What characterizes dysfunction in an individual's life?
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What does the term clinically significant refer to?
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How is affect defined in psychology?
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What is a syndrome in the context of psychology?
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What is the function of ventricles in the brain?
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What characterizes the personality trait known as neuroticism?
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What is anxiety sensitivity primarily concerned with?
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What therapeutic technique involves exposure to internal bodily sensations associated with anxiety?
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How do safety behaviors function in individuals with anxiety disorders?
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What do meta-beliefs refer to in the context of psychological disorders?
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What does the avoidance theory of worry suggest?
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What does the intolerance of uncertainty model explain in relation to anxiety disorders?
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What is a common outcome of individuals engaging in safety behaviors?
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What is characterized by an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in appearance?
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Which model examines cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms through brain structure dysfunctions?
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What is a severe restriction of food intake with an intense fear of gaining weight called?
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Which cognitive model describes negative thinking patterns regarding oneself, the world, and the future?
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What is a condition characterized by persistent low mood and loss of interest lasting at least two weeks?
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What term describes the persistent pattern of defiant and disobedient behavior toward authority figures?
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What type of therapy involves exposure to anxiety-provoking situations without engaging in compulsive behaviors?
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What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in treating bipolar disorder?
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Which of the following randomized controlled trials demonstrated the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) for managing anxiety in bipolar disorder?
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What aspect of treatment did Family-Focused Therapy (FFT) aim to improve to reduce relapse rates in bipolar disorder?
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In which treatment stage was Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) found to be more effective than standard management?
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What treatment approach combines Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and minimal psychiatric care to reduce episodes in bipolar disorder?
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What was one of the results of the randomized controlled trial conducted by Miklowitz et al.(2003) regarding Family-Focused Therapy?
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When was the first randomized controlled trial on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for bipolar disorder conducted?
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What is one of the key methods included in the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy intervention for bipolar disorder?
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Study Notes
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
- Characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
- Symptoms include intrusive memories and emotional distress following a traumatic event.
Negative Reinforcement
- Involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.
Prepared Classical Conditioning
- Biological predisposition allows certain associations between stimuli to be learned more easily.
Exposure Therapy
- Gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimuli aims to reduce anxiety.
In Vivo Exposure
- Involves real-world confrontation of feared stimuli to alleviate anxiety.
Flooding
- A technique that uses prolonged and intense exposure to feared stimuli to promote habituation.
Self-Efficacy
- Refers to the belief in one’s ability to successfully perform specific tasks, influencing motivation and resilience.
Psychotherapy
- Focuses on facilitating a therapeutic relationship to address emotional and psychological challenges.
Reality Principle
- Ego's ability to satisfy needs realistically while managing the demands of reality.
Neuroses
- Characterized by distressing emotional symptoms and anxiety without psychosis.
Psychoses
- Involve severe disruptions in thoughts and a loss of contact with reality, including hallucinations and delusions.
Systematic Desensitization
- A behavioral technique for gradually exposing individuals to fear-inducing stimuli combined with relaxation methods.
Token Economy
- A behavioral management system that enhances desired behaviors through a system of rewards.
Cognitive Restructuring
- A therapeutic technique aimed at changing negative thought patterns to improve emotional well-being.
Behavioral Experiment
- Tests beliefs through structured real-life actions to validate assumptions about situations.
Self-Actualization
- The process of fulfilling one's potential and pursuing personal growth.
Conditions of Worth
- Standards set by others that affect an individual’s self-acceptance and self-expression.
Comorbidity
- The presence of two or more disorders simultaneously within an individual.
Diathesis-Stress Model
- Explains the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental stressors influencing mental health.
Social Anxiety Disorder
- Characterized by an intense fear of social scrutiny and being judged by others.
Agoraphobia
- Involves avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult due to fear of anxiety.
Statistical Rarity
- Helps identify potential psychological disorders based on behaviors or traits that are uncommon.
Norm Violation
- Refers to behaviors that deviate from societal or cultural norms, often leading to social disapproval.
Distress
- Psychological discomfort that affects an individual's well-being and indicates a need for support.
Dysfunction
- Impaired functioning in thoughts, emotions, or behaviors, often pointing to psychological issues.
Clinically Significant
- Refers to the meaningful impact of symptoms indicating the need for psychological intervention.
Affect
- Outward display of emotions and mood, observable through expressions and body language.
Syndrome
- A collection of related symptoms indicating a specific medical or psychological condition.
Ventricles in the Brain
- Produce and regulate cerebrospinal fluid, providing support and cushioning for the brain.
Neuroticism
- Defined as the tendency to experience negative emotional states, such as anxiety and irritability.
Anxiety Sensitivity
- Refers to the fear of anxiety-related sensations and the belief that they may lead to negative outcomes.
Interoceptive Exposure
- Focuses on exposure to internal bodily sensations associated with anxiety to reduce fear.
Safety Behaviors
- Prevent learning that situations are not as dangerous by allowing avoidance of feared stimuli.
Meta-Beliefs
- Higher-level beliefs about one's thoughts can influence psychological disorder development.
Avoidance Theory of Worry
- Proposes that excessive worry serves as a coping mechanism to avoid confronting distressing emotions.
Intolerance of Uncertainty Model
- Suggests that individuals with anxiety disorders struggle more with uncertainty, leading to increased worry.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
- Involves an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in appearance, leading to significant distress.
Neuropsychological Model
- Examines how brain dysfunctions contribute to psychological disorders.
Anorexia Nervosa
- Characterized by severe restriction of food intake and intense fear of gaining weight.
Negative Cognitive Triad
- Highlights the negative thinking patterns about oneself, the world, and the future common in depression.
Major Depressive Episode
- Involves a persistent low mood and loss of interest lasting at least two weeks.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
- Defined by a pattern of defiant and disobedient behavior toward authority figures.
Exposure and Response Prevention
- Focuses on exposure to anxiety-provoking situations while preventing compulsive behaviors.
Cortisol
- Known as the "stress hormone," produced in response to stress and helps regulate the body's stress response.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
- Characterized by severe and frequent temper outbursts in children and adolescents.
Anhedonia
- The inability to experience pleasure in formerly enjoyable activities, often associated with depression.
Protective Factors
- Traits or conditions that enhance resilience against the development of mental disorders.
Dysthymic Disorder
- A mood disorder defined by long-lasting patterns of mild to moderate depressive symptoms.
Conduct Disorder
- Involves a pattern of behaviors that violate others' rights and serious violations of social norms.
Electroconvulsive Therapy
- A treatment involving controlled seizures induced by electrical currents, typically for severe mental health conditions.### Pleasant Activity Scheduling
- Counteracts lack of interest and pleasure by engaging individuals in enjoyable tasks to enhance mood.
Bipolar Disorder
- Bipolar disorder 1: marked by the presence of at least one full manic episode.
- Bipolar disorder 2: characterized by recurring major depressive episodes and hypomanic states.
Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)
- Focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and addressing life events affecting mental health.
Rapid Cycling in Bipolar Disorder
- Defined by frequent and abrupt mood shifts between manic or hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.
Hypomanic Episode
- Characterized by a less severe elevated mood and increased energy compared to full manic episodes.
Underdiagnosis in Mental Health
- Leads to missed opportunities for treatment and support, resulting in worsened conditions.
Symptoms of Depression
- Common indicators include low mood, fatigue, changes in sleep and appetite, and diminished interest in activities.
Cyclothymic Disorder
- Involves chronic mild depression alternating with periods of hypomania.
Meta-Analysis
- Combines data from multiple studies for a broader understanding of a research topic, enhancing generalizable findings.
Relapse Prevention for Depression
- Involves recognizing early signs of mood deterioration and implementing effective coping strategies.
Schizophrenia Phases
- Acute phase: features severe hallucinations and delusions.
- Early recovery phase: occurs post-stabilization of acute symptoms, focusing on improving functioning.
- Late recovery phase: characterized by sustained symptom improvement.
Enduring Psychosis
- Defined by persistent psychotic symptoms regardless of treatment effectiveness.
Concordance Rate
- Measures the proportion of individuals in a given study who share an attribute, often used in studies of genetic disorders.
Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia
- Suggests dysregulation in neural transmission leads to both positive (hallucinations, delusions) and negative symptoms.
Tardive Dyskinesia
- A neurological syndrome resulting from prolonged neuroleptic drug use, marked by involuntary movements.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
- Characterized by chronic physical symptoms without a medical explanation, often paired with excessive thoughts about these symptoms.
La Belle Indifference
- Refers to a lack of distress despite significant medical symptoms, commonly seen in conversion disorders.
Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)
- Aims to establish regular daily routines and manages social relationships to stabilize mood.
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
- Include hallucinations and delusions that enhance experiences beyond typical human perception.
Alogia
- Defined as limited meaningful speech characterized by brief responses.
Delusion of Reference
- Involves interpreting random events as having personal significance to an individual.
Disorganized Thinking
- Often results in tangential or incoherent speech and difficulty conveying thoughts logically.
Catatonic Behavior
- Characterized by excessive and purposeless motor activity or, conversely, a mute and inflexible state.
Onset Depression Phase
- Marked by initial emotional, cognitive, and physical changes signaling the beginning of depressive episodes.
Grandiose Delusion
- Involves an exaggerated belief in one's own importance or capabilities.
Paranoid Delusion
- Characterized by an irrational belief of being targeted or harmed by others.
Affective Flattening
- A diminished emotional expression and response, impacting the range of visible emotions.
Prodromal Phase of Schizophrenia
- The period leading to the appearance of significant schizophrenia symptoms.
Common Misconception about Somatic Delusions
- They do not indicate a person is seeking attention; they are false beliefs about bodily functions.
Premorbid Phase in Schizophrenia
- Refers to the time period before noticeable schizophrenia symptoms develop.
Paranoia
- Marked by intense mistrust and suspicion of others, often irrational in nature.
Effects of Amphetamines
- Known for increasing alertness, energy, and feelings of euphoria by releasing neurotransmitters.
Impact of Substance Misuse in Bipolar Disorder
- Worsens the disorder's course and impairs overall functioning, complicating treatment efforts.
Goal Dysregulation Model
- Suggests individuals with bipolar disorder struggle with goal-directed behaviors influenced by their mood states.
Temperamental Traits in Bipolar Disorder
- Impulsivity and sensitivity to reward and punishment are significant risk factors for developing the disorder.
Psychoeducation in Mental Health
- Aims to enhance understanding and coping mechanisms among individuals and families dealing with mental health conditions.
Substance Misuse in Bipolar Disorder
- Often acts as a coping mechanism for individuals trying to manage mood swings.
Neurotransmitters and Amphetamines
- Dopamine and norepinephrine play a crucial role in enhancing mood and energy levels through amphetamine effects.
Challenges During Manic Episodes
- Include erratic behavior and impulsiveness, which disrupt goal-directed actions according to the goal dysregulation model.
Factitious Disorder
- Defined by feigning illness without genuine symptoms, distinct from seeking external benefits.
Sensory Disturbance
- Refers to alterations in the perception of sensory stimuli rather than a loss of one of the senses.
Motivation Behind Malingering
- Primarily aimed at avoiding legal obligations, not genuine emotional expression or need for medical treatment.
Hormonal Stress Response System
- The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis manages body’s hormonal response to stress.
Alexithymia
- Affects individuals' ability to identify and express their emotions, often hindering emotional awareness.
Somatosensory Amplification
- Characterized by the belief in exaggerated bodily sensations, leading to heightened distress.
Factitious Disorder Misconceptions
- Distinct from malingering; it does not seek financial benefits but rather aims for the patient role.### Binge Eating Disorder
- Characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food in a short time with a loss of control.
Pica
- Defined by the consumption of non-nutritive substances such as sand, dirt, and metal objects.
Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI)
- Focuses on measuring attitudes and behaviors related to eating disorders rather than just physical metrics.
Incidence in Health
- Refers to the rate of new cases occurring within a defined time period.
Inpatient Treatment
- Involves care received overnight within specialized facilities for easier monitoring and treatment.
Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)
- Aims to explore and enhance motivation for behavioral change.
Muscle Dysmorphia
- Focuses on the preoccupation with masculinity and perceived inadequacies related to muscle size.
Withdrawal in Substance Dependency
- Indicates psychological and physical symptoms experienced when reducing or stopping substance use.
Disease Model of Addiction
- Views addiction as a chronic medical condition influenced by changes in brain structure and function.
Gambling Disorder
- Characterized by persistent gambling behavior leading to significant distress and impairment in life.
Decisional Analysis in Therapy
- Used in MET to evaluate pros and cons of behavior change, aiding in decision-making.
Cognitive Errors
- Reflect systematic biases in thinking that distort perceptions of reality.
Public Health Model
- Approaches health issues from a collective perspective, emphasizing prevention and population-wide strategies.
Culture-Bound Syndrome
- Defined as symptoms recognized as distinct within specific cultural contexts.
Self-Monitoring
- Enhances self-awareness and helps individuals understand their personal behavioral patterns.
Depersonalization
- Involves feeling detached from oneself or one’s body, leading to a dissociative experience.
Derealization
- Characterized by a sense of detachment or distortion from one’s surroundings.
Depersonalization Disorder
- Defined by experiencing episodes of depersonalization and/or derealization.
Identity Alteration
- Involves shifts or changes in sense of self and identity.
Dissociative Fugue
- Marked by unexpected departure from one’s life with amnesia regarding past identity.
Dissociative Amnesia
- Involves significant memory loss specifically tied to traumatic or distressing events.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
- Features two or more distinct identity states within the same individual, often with memory gaps.
Structured Interviews
- Ensure systematic and standardized data collection through predetermined questions.
Post-Hypnotic Amnesia
- Results in temporary memory loss of events that occurred during hypnosis.
Sexual Dysfunction Model
- Excludes neurological factors, focusing instead on biological, cognitive, and interpersonal factors.
Traumatic Experiences Impact
- Can lead to fragmented recall or emotional dysregulation related to the hippocampus and amygdala.
Sexual Response Cycle - Desire Phase
- Characterized by feelings of sexual interest and attraction.
Hyperactive Sexual Desire Disorder
- Involves intense preoccupation with sexual thoughts and urges, potentially impairing daily functioning.
State-Dependent Memory
- Better recall occurs when the internal state during recall matches the state during learning.
Iatrogenesis
- Refers to harm caused by medical treatment or procedures.
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder
- Defined by a lack of sexual arousal despite appropriate sexual stimuli.
Bulimia Nervosa
- Involves episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise.
Sensate Focus Exercises
- Aim to enhance physical and emotional intimacy between partners in relationships.
Estrogen Therapy
- Involves the use of estrogen, the primary female sex hormone for various treatments.
Paraphilias
- Distinct due to the intensity and persistence of sexual interests that deviate from societal norms.
Exhibitionistic Disorder
- Characterized by sexual arousal from exposing one’s genitals to unsuspecting individuals.
Hypertension
- Commonly defined by abnormally high blood pressure, affecting multiple aspects of health.
Sexual Sadistic Disorder
- Defined by arousal from inflicting physical or psychological pain on others.
Sexual Masochistic Disorder
- Involves recurrent sexual arousal from experiencing humiliation or suffering.
Gender Dysphoria
- Associated with the incongruence between assigned gender at birth and experienced gender identity.
Voyeuristic Disorder
- Characterized by sexual arousal from observing others without their consent.
Social Skills Training
- Focused on improving interpersonal and communication skills for better social interactions.
Expressive Skills
- Refer to proficiency in conveying thoughts and emotions effectively.
Cluster A Personality Disorders
- Defined by odd or eccentric behaviors, differing from other personality clusters.
Cluster B Personality Disorders
- Includes disorders like Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Borderline Personality Disorders but not Avoidant.
Cluster C Personality Disorders
- Characterized by anxious, fearful, and avoidance behaviors.
Receptive vs. Expressive Skills
- Receptive skills involve understanding and interpreting information, while expressive skills focus on conveying it.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
- Noted for its primary feature of impulsivity and reckless behavior.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Bipolar Disorder
- Primary focus is on symptom monitoring and behavioral adjustments to manage bipolar disorder effectively.
- A key method within CBT interventions is the practice of symptom monitoring to track mood fluctuations.
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)
- Efficacy for managing anxiety in bipolar disorder was demonstrated by the randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted by Perich et al. in 2013.
Family-Focused Therapy (FFT)
- FFT enhances family communication and problem-solving skills, which helps to reduce relapse rates in patients with bipolar disorder.
- The RCT by Miklowitz et al. (2003) found that FFT resulted in fewer relapses compared to brief psychoeducation.
Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)
- IPSRT was found to be more effective than standard management during the acute phase of treatment for bipolar disorder.
Treatment Approaches
- Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be combined with minimal psychiatric care to reduce episodes of bipolar disorder.
Historical Context of CBT in Bipolar Disorder
- The first randomized controlled trial on CBT for bipolar disorder was conducted in 1984, marking a significant milestone in treatment research for this condition.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
This quiz explores key characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Test your knowledge on its symptoms, including intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors. Suitable for psychology students and those interested in mental health.