Clinical and Abnormal Psych

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

• Characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

• Symptoms include intrusive memories and emotional distress following a traumatic event.

Negative Reinforcement

• Involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Prepared Classical Conditioning

• Biological predisposition allows certain associations between stimuli to be learned more easily.

Exposure Therapy

• Gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimuli aims to reduce anxiety.

In Vivo Exposure

• Involves real-world confrontation of feared stimuli to alleviate anxiety.

Flooding

• A technique that uses prolonged and intense exposure to feared stimuli to promote habituation.

Self-Efficacy

• Refers to the belief in one’s ability to successfully perform specific tasks, influencing motivation and resilience.

Psychotherapy

• Focuses on facilitating a therapeutic relationship to address emotional and psychological challenges.

Reality Principle

• Ego's ability to satisfy needs realistically while managing the demands of reality.

Neuroses

• Characterized by distressing emotional symptoms and anxiety without psychosis.

Psychoses

• Involve severe disruptions in thoughts and a loss of contact with reality, including hallucinations and delusions.

Systematic Desensitization

• A behavioral technique for gradually exposing individuals to fear-inducing stimuli combined with relaxation methods.

Token Economy

• A behavioral management system that enhances desired behaviors through a system of rewards.

Cognitive Restructuring

• A therapeutic technique aimed at changing negative thought patterns to improve emotional well-being.

Behavioral Experiment

• Tests beliefs through structured real-life actions to validate assumptions about situations.

Self-Actualization

• The process of fulfilling one's potential and pursuing personal growth.

Conditions of Worth

• Standards set by others that affect an individual’s self-acceptance and self-expression.

Comorbidity

• The presence of two or more disorders simultaneously within an individual.

Diathesis-Stress Model

• Explains the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental stressors influencing mental health.

Social Anxiety Disorder

• Characterized by an intense fear of social scrutiny and being judged by others.

Agoraphobia

• Involves avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult due to fear of anxiety.

Statistical Rarity

• Helps identify potential psychological disorders based on behaviors or traits that are uncommon.

Norm Violation

• Refers to behaviors that deviate from societal or cultural norms, often leading to social disapproval.

Distress

• Psychological discomfort that affects an individual's well-being and indicates a need for support.

Dysfunction

• Impaired functioning in thoughts, emotions, or behaviors, often pointing to psychological issues.

Clinically Significant

• Refers to the meaningful impact of symptoms indicating the need for psychological intervention.

Affect

• Outward display of emotions and mood, observable through expressions and body language.

Syndrome

• A collection of related symptoms indicating a specific medical or psychological condition.

Ventricles in the Brain

• Produce and regulate cerebrospinal fluid, providing support and cushioning for the brain.

Neuroticism

• Defined as the tendency to experience negative emotional states, such as anxiety and irritability.

Anxiety Sensitivity

• Refers to the fear of anxiety-related sensations and the belief that they may lead to negative outcomes.

Interoceptive Exposure

• Focuses on exposure to internal bodily sensations associated with anxiety to reduce fear.

Safety Behaviors

• Prevent learning that situations are not as dangerous by allowing avoidance of feared stimuli.

Meta-Beliefs

• Higher-level beliefs about one's thoughts can influence psychological disorder development.

Avoidance Theory of Worry

• Proposes that excessive worry serves as a coping mechanism to avoid confronting distressing emotions.

Intolerance of Uncertainty Model

• Suggests that individuals with anxiety disorders struggle more with uncertainty, leading to increased worry.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

• Involves an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in appearance, leading to significant distress.

Neuropsychological Model

• Examines how brain dysfunctions contribute to psychological disorders.

Anorexia Nervosa

• Characterized by severe restriction of food intake and intense fear of gaining weight.

Negative Cognitive Triad

• Highlights the negative thinking patterns about oneself, the world, and the future common in depression.

Major Depressive Episode

• Involves a persistent low mood and loss of interest lasting at least two weeks.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

• Defined by a pattern of defiant and disobedient behavior toward authority figures.

Exposure and Response Prevention

• Focuses on exposure to anxiety-provoking situations while preventing compulsive behaviors.

Cortisol

• Known as the "stress hormone," produced in response to stress and helps regulate the body's stress response.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

• Characterized by severe and frequent temper outbursts in children and adolescents.

Anhedonia

• The inability to experience pleasure in formerly enjoyable activities, often associated with depression.

Protective Factors

• Traits or conditions that enhance resilience against the development of mental disorders.

Dysthymic Disorder

• A mood disorder defined by long-lasting patterns of mild to moderate depressive symptoms.

Conduct Disorder

• Involves a pattern of behaviors that violate others' rights and serious violations of social norms.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

• A treatment involving controlled seizures induced by electrical currents, typically for severe mental health conditions.### Pleasant Activity Scheduling
• Counteracts lack of interest and pleasure by engaging individuals in enjoyable tasks to enhance mood.

Bipolar Disorder

• Bipolar disorder 1: marked by the presence of at least one full manic episode.
• Bipolar disorder 2: characterized by recurring major depressive episodes and hypomanic states.

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

• Focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and addressing life events affecting mental health.

Rapid Cycling in Bipolar Disorder

• Defined by frequent and abrupt mood shifts between manic or hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.

Hypomanic Episode

• Characterized by a less severe elevated mood and increased energy compared to full manic episodes.

Underdiagnosis in Mental Health

• Leads to missed opportunities for treatment and support, resulting in worsened conditions.

Symptoms of Depression

• Common indicators include low mood, fatigue, changes in sleep and appetite, and diminished interest in activities.

Cyclothymic Disorder

• Involves chronic mild depression alternating with periods of hypomania.

Meta-Analysis

• Combines data from multiple studies for a broader understanding of a research topic, enhancing generalizable findings.

Relapse Prevention for Depression

• Involves recognizing early signs of mood deterioration and implementing effective coping strategies.

Schizophrenia Phases

• Acute phase: features severe hallucinations and delusions.
• Early recovery phase: occurs post-stabilization of acute symptoms, focusing on improving functioning.
• Late recovery phase: characterized by sustained symptom improvement.

Enduring Psychosis

• Defined by persistent psychotic symptoms regardless of treatment effectiveness.

Concordance Rate

• Measures the proportion of individuals in a given study who share an attribute, often used in studies of genetic disorders.

Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

• Suggests dysregulation in neural transmission leads to both positive (hallucinations, delusions) and negative symptoms.

Tardive Dyskinesia

• A neurological syndrome resulting from prolonged neuroleptic drug use, marked by involuntary movements.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

• Characterized by chronic physical symptoms without a medical explanation, often paired with excessive thoughts about these symptoms.

La Belle Indifference

• Refers to a lack of distress despite significant medical symptoms, commonly seen in conversion disorders.

Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)

• Aims to establish regular daily routines and manages social relationships to stabilize mood.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

• Include hallucinations and delusions that enhance experiences beyond typical human perception.

Alogia

• Defined as limited meaningful speech characterized by brief responses.

Delusion of Reference

• Involves interpreting random events as having personal significance to an individual.

Disorganized Thinking

• Often results in tangential or incoherent speech and difficulty conveying thoughts logically.

Catatonic Behavior

• Characterized by excessive and purposeless motor activity or, conversely, a mute and inflexible state.

Onset Depression Phase

• Marked by initial emotional, cognitive, and physical changes signaling the beginning of depressive episodes.

Grandiose Delusion

• Involves an exaggerated belief in one's own importance or capabilities.

Paranoid Delusion

• Characterized by an irrational belief of being targeted or harmed by others.

Affective Flattening

• A diminished emotional expression and response, impacting the range of visible emotions.

Prodromal Phase of Schizophrenia

• The period leading to the appearance of significant schizophrenia symptoms.

Common Misconception about Somatic Delusions

• They do not indicate a person is seeking attention; they are false beliefs about bodily functions.

Premorbid Phase in Schizophrenia

• Refers to the time period before noticeable schizophrenia symptoms develop.

Paranoia

• Marked by intense mistrust and suspicion of others, often irrational in nature.

Effects of Amphetamines

• Known for increasing alertness, energy, and feelings of euphoria by releasing neurotransmitters.

Impact of Substance Misuse in Bipolar Disorder

• Worsens the disorder's course and impairs overall functioning, complicating treatment efforts.

Goal Dysregulation Model

• Suggests individuals with bipolar disorder struggle with goal-directed behaviors influenced by their mood states.

Temperamental Traits in Bipolar Disorder

• Impulsivity and sensitivity to reward and punishment are significant risk factors for developing the disorder.

Psychoeducation in Mental Health

• Aims to enhance understanding and coping mechanisms among individuals and families dealing with mental health conditions.

Substance Misuse in Bipolar Disorder

• Often acts as a coping mechanism for individuals trying to manage mood swings.

Neurotransmitters and Amphetamines

• Dopamine and norepinephrine play a crucial role in enhancing mood and energy levels through amphetamine effects.

Challenges During Manic Episodes

• Include erratic behavior and impulsiveness, which disrupt goal-directed actions according to the goal dysregulation model.

Factitious Disorder

• Defined by feigning illness without genuine symptoms, distinct from seeking external benefits.

Sensory Disturbance

• Refers to alterations in the perception of sensory stimuli rather than a loss of one of the senses.

Motivation Behind Malingering

• Primarily aimed at avoiding legal obligations, not genuine emotional expression or need for medical treatment.

Hormonal Stress Response System

• The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis manages body’s hormonal response to stress.

Alexithymia

• Affects individuals' ability to identify and express their emotions, often hindering emotional awareness.

Somatosensory Amplification

• Characterized by the belief in exaggerated bodily sensations, leading to heightened distress.

Factitious Disorder Misconceptions

• Distinct from malingering; it does not seek financial benefits but rather aims for the patient role.### Binge Eating Disorder
• Characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food in a short time with a loss of control.

Pica

• Defined by the consumption of non-nutritive substances such as sand, dirt, and metal objects.

Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI)

• Focuses on measuring attitudes and behaviors related to eating disorders rather than just physical metrics.

Incidence in Health

• Refers to the rate of new cases occurring within a defined time period.

Inpatient Treatment

• Involves care received overnight within specialized facilities for easier monitoring and treatment.

Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)

• Aims to explore and enhance motivation for behavioral change.

Muscle Dysmorphia

• Focuses on the preoccupation with masculinity and perceived inadequacies related to muscle size.

Withdrawal in Substance Dependency

• Indicates psychological and physical symptoms experienced when reducing or stopping substance use.

Disease Model of Addiction

• Views addiction as a chronic medical condition influenced by changes in brain structure and function.

Gambling Disorder

• Characterized by persistent gambling behavior leading to significant distress and impairment in life.

Decisional Analysis in Therapy

• Used in MET to evaluate pros and cons of behavior change, aiding in decision-making.

Cognitive Errors

• Reflect systematic biases in thinking that distort perceptions of reality.

Public Health Model

• Approaches health issues from a collective perspective, emphasizing prevention and population-wide strategies.

Culture-Bound Syndrome

• Defined as symptoms recognized as distinct within specific cultural contexts.

Self-Monitoring

• Enhances self-awareness and helps individuals understand their personal behavioral patterns.

Depersonalization

• Involves feeling detached from oneself or one’s body, leading to a dissociative experience.

Derealization

• Characterized by a sense of detachment or distortion from one’s surroundings.

Depersonalization Disorder

• Defined by experiencing episodes of depersonalization and/or derealization.

Identity Alteration

• Involves shifts or changes in sense of self and identity.

Dissociative Fugue

• Marked by unexpected departure from one’s life with amnesia regarding past identity.

Dissociative Amnesia

• Involves significant memory loss specifically tied to traumatic or distressing events.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

• Features two or more distinct identity states within the same individual, often with memory gaps.

Structured Interviews

• Ensure systematic and standardized data collection through predetermined questions.

Post-Hypnotic Amnesia

• Results in temporary memory loss of events that occurred during hypnosis.

Sexual Dysfunction Model

• Excludes neurological factors, focusing instead on biological, cognitive, and interpersonal factors.

Traumatic Experiences Impact

• Can lead to fragmented recall or emotional dysregulation related to the hippocampus and amygdala.

Sexual Response Cycle - Desire Phase

• Characterized by feelings of sexual interest and attraction.

Hyperactive Sexual Desire Disorder

• Involves intense preoccupation with sexual thoughts and urges, potentially impairing daily functioning.

State-Dependent Memory

• Better recall occurs when the internal state during recall matches the state during learning.

Iatrogenesis

• Refers to harm caused by medical treatment or procedures.

Female Sexual Arousal Disorder

• Defined by a lack of sexual arousal despite appropriate sexual stimuli.

Bulimia Nervosa

• Involves episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise.

Sensate Focus Exercises

• Aim to enhance physical and emotional intimacy between partners in relationships.

Estrogen Therapy

• Involves the use of estrogen, the primary female sex hormone for various treatments.

Paraphilias

• Distinct due to the intensity and persistence of sexual interests that deviate from societal norms.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

• Characterized by sexual arousal from exposing one’s genitals to unsuspecting individuals.

Hypertension

• Commonly defined by abnormally high blood pressure, affecting multiple aspects of health.

Sexual Sadistic Disorder

• Defined by arousal from inflicting physical or psychological pain on others.

Sexual Masochistic Disorder

• Involves recurrent sexual arousal from experiencing humiliation or suffering.

Gender Dysphoria

• Associated with the incongruence between assigned gender at birth and experienced gender identity.

Voyeuristic Disorder

• Characterized by sexual arousal from observing others without their consent.

Social Skills Training

• Focused on improving interpersonal and communication skills for better social interactions.

Expressive Skills

• Refer to proficiency in conveying thoughts and emotions effectively.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

• Defined by odd or eccentric behaviors, differing from other personality clusters.

Cluster B Personality Disorders

• Includes disorders like Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Borderline Personality Disorders but not Avoidant.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

• Characterized by anxious, fearful, and avoidance behaviors.

Receptive vs. Expressive Skills

• Receptive skills involve understanding and interpreting information, while expressive skills focus on conveying it.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

• Noted for its primary feature of impulsivity and reckless behavior.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Bipolar Disorder

• Primary focus is on symptom monitoring and behavioral adjustments to manage bipolar disorder effectively.
• A key method within CBT interventions is the practice of symptom monitoring to track mood fluctuations.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

• Efficacy for managing anxiety in bipolar disorder was demonstrated by the randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted by Perich et al. in 2013.

Family-Focused Therapy (FFT)

• FFT enhances family communication and problem-solving skills, which helps to reduce relapse rates in patients with bipolar disorder.
• The RCT by Miklowitz et al. (2003) found that FFT resulted in fewer relapses compared to brief psychoeducation.

Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)

• IPSRT was found to be more effective than standard management during the acute phase of treatment for bipolar disorder.

Treatment Approaches

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be combined with minimal psychiatric care to reduce episodes of bipolar disorder.

Historical Context of CBT in Bipolar Disorder

• The first randomized controlled trial on CBT for bipolar disorder was conducted in 1984, marking a significant milestone in treatment research for this condition.

This quiz explores key characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Test your knowledge on its symptoms, including intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors. Suitable for psychology students and those interested in mental health.