Clinical and Abnormal Psych

Questions and Answers

According to the health belief model, which factor influences health-related actions the most?

Personal history of health issues

Perception of severity and susceptibility of health issues (correct)

Recommendations from health professionals

The individual's social status

Protection motivation theory includes which of the following components?

Cognitive dissonance factors

Threat appraisal and coping appraisal (correct)

Personal motivation and health history impact only

Social influences and peer pressure only

Which of the following is a common symptom measured by the geriatric anxiety inventory?

Sudden memory loss

Isolation from social activities

Physical weakness

Tension and worry (correct)

What does the theory of reasoned action primarily explain?

The influence of attitudes and subjective norms on behavioral intention Signup and view all the answers

How does the theory of planned behavior differ from the theory of reasoned action?

It includes the concept of perceived behavioral control Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following stages is NOT part of the stages of change model?

Reflection Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of self-regulation theory?

Monitoring and managing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What does social readjustment involve?

Adapting to changes in social circumstances or life events Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary purpose of the Maslach stress and burnout inventory?

To evaluate burnout levels in work-related contexts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a dimension measured by the Maslach stress and burnout inventory?

Goal Achievement Signup and view all the answers

In the stages of change model, which stage follows 'contemplation'?

Preparation Signup and view all the answers

What role do neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine play in the effects of amphetamines?

They enhance mood and energy levels Signup and view all the answers

What challenges do individuals face according to the goal dysregulation model during manic episodes?

Erratic behaviors and impulsiveness Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes factitious disorder?

Acting as if one has an illness without it being genuine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines sensory disturbance?

Alterations in perception of sensory stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary motivation behind malingering?

To avoid having to fulfill legal obligations Signup and view all the answers

Which system is known as the hormonal stress response system?

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis Signup and view all the answers

What does alexithymia specifically affect in individuals?

Their capacity to identify and express emotions Signup and view all the answers

How is somatosensory amplification described?

The belief in having exaggerated bodily sensations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding factitious disorder?

It involves seeking financial benefits or compensations. Signup and view all the answers

Which psychological feature is commonly associated with somatic symptom disorders?

Excessive focus on physical health issues Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes binge eating disorder?

Consuming large amounts of food with feelings of loss of control. Signup and view all the answers

Which non-nutritive substances might someone with pica consume?

Sand, dirt, and metal objects. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the eating disorders inventory (EDI)?

To measure attitudes and behaviors related to eating disorders. Signup and view all the answers

What does incidence refer to in the context of health?

The rate of new cases occurring over a defined time. Signup and view all the answers

What type of care is provided in inpatient treatment?

Care received overnight within a specialized facility. Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of motivational enhancement therapy (MET)?

To explore and increase motivation for behavior change. Signup and view all the answers

What is muscle dysmorphia primarily concerned with?

A preoccupation with perceived body inadequacies regarding muscle size. Signup and view all the answers

What does withdrawal indicate in substance dependency?

Psychological symptoms from reducing or stopping the use of a substance. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main premise of the disease model of addiction?

Addiction is a chronic medical condition influenced by brain changes. Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by problematic gambling behavior?

Gambling disorder. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of therapy can help individuals weigh the pros and cons of behavior change?

Motivational enhancement therapy using a decisional analysis sheet. Signup and view all the answers

What are cognitive errors?

Errors that reflect systematic biases in thinking. Signup and view all the answers

What is the public health model focused on?

Approaching health issues from a collective perspective. Signup and view all the answers

What defines a culture-bound syndrome?

Symptoms and behaviors recognized as a distinct illness within a specific cultural group. Signup and view all the answers

What does self-monitoring primarily aim to enhance?

Self-awareness and understanding of personal patterns. Signup and view all the answers

Which best describes depersonalization?

Feeling detached from oneself or one's body. Signup and view all the answers

What is derealization characterized by?

Detachment from one's surroundings or the external world. Signup and view all the answers

What identifies depersonalization disorder?

Episodes of depersonalization and/or derealization. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of identity alteration?

Shifts or changes in sense of self and identity. Signup and view all the answers

How is dissociative fugue defined?

An unexpected departure from one's life accompanied by amnesia. Signup and view all the answers

What does dissociative amnesia primarily involve?

Amnesia for highly distressing or traumatic events. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes dissociative identity disorder?

Two or more distinct identity states within an individual. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a structured interview?

To ensure systematic and standardized data collection. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes post-hypnotic amnesia?

Temporary memory loss of events during hypnosis. Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT included in the sexual dysfunction model?

Neurological factors Signup and view all the answers

What impact do traumatic experiences have on the hippocampus and amygdala?

They can lead to fragmented recall or emotional dysregulation. Signup and view all the answers

What is characteristic of the desire phase in the sexual response cycle?

Feelings of sexual interest Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by excessive preoccupation with sexual thoughts and urges?

Hyperactive sexual desire disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is state-dependent memory?

Improved recall when internal states match during encoding and recall. Signup and view all the answers

What does iatrogenesis refer to in a medical context?

Harm caused by medical treatment or procedure. Signup and view all the answers

Which sexual dysfunction is characterized by a lack of arousal despite appropriate sexual stimuli?

Female sexual arousal disorder Signup and view all the answers

What defines bulimia nervosa?

An eating disorder with episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

Sensate focus exercises are aimed at enhancing what aspect in relationships?

Enhancing physical and emotional intimacy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary hormone involved in estrogen therapy?

Estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes paraphilias from other sexual interests?

Intensity and persistence of interests Signup and view all the answers

Which paraphilic disorder involves sexual arousal from exposing one's genitals?

Exhibitionistic disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of hypertension?

Abnormally high blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by intense sexual arousal from inflicting pain?

Sexual sadistic disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder involves recurrent sexual arousal from experiencing humiliation?

Sexual masochistic disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is gender dysphoria primarily associated with?

Incongruence between experienced gender and assigned gender Signup and view all the answers

What does hyperactive sexual desire disorder NOT typically lead to?

Increased social acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What defines voyeuristic disorder?

Recurrent sexual arousal from observing others without their consent. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of social skills training?

To improve interpersonal and communication skills. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes expressive skills?

The proficiency in conveying thoughts and emotions. Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors?

Cluster A Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT one of the types included in Cluster B personality disorders?

Avoidant Personality Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of Cluster C personality disorders?

Anxious, fearful, and avoidance behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates receptive skills from expressive skills?

Receptive skills involve listening and interpretation, whereas expressive skills involve conveying information. Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is characterized by impulsivity as a primary feature?

Antisocial Personality Disorder Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

Persistent patterns of inattention and hyperactivity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes executive functions?

They help manage and regulate various mental tasks. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of specific learning disorder?

Struggles with academic skills significantly below expected levels Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best defines autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

It varies widely in terms of severity and presentation. Signup and view all the answers

What does selective mutism entail?

Inability to speak in specific social situations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes enuresis?

Involuntary urination during sleep beyond typical ages Signup and view all the answers

What is vascular dementia primarily caused by?

Impaired blood flow to the brain Signup and view all the answers

What are focal neurological symptoms?

Neurological deficits localized to specific brain areas Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a significant indicator of intellectual disability?

Limitations in intellectual functioning Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the bell and pad method?

To wake a child for toilet use upon urination detection Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes schizotypal personality disorder?

Cognitive or perceptual distortions and odd behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of narcissistic personality disorder?

A pervasive need for admiration and grandiosity. Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder involves a pervasive distrust of others?

Paranoid personality disorder. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is indicative of avoidant personality disorder?

Fear of negative evaluation and social inhibition. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

Disregard for others' rights and societal rules. Signup and view all the answers

Which of these behaviors is often associated with histrionic personality disorder?

Dramatic and exaggerated emotional expressions. Signup and view all the answers

Which trait is commonly associated with individuals suffering from dependent personality disorder?

Overreliance on others for emotional well-being. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder?

Psychopathy typically involves superficial charm and manipulation. Signup and view all the answers

What does Linehan's biosocial model focus on in relation to borderline personality disorder?

Biological predisposition and invalidating environmental factors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of Beck's cognitive model in therapy?

Understanding the connection between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. Signup and view all the answers

How do dimensions and categories differ in the diagnosis of psychological disorders?

Dimensions consider disorders as existing on a continuum. Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?

Preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism. Signup and view all the answers

What does the labelling effect describe?

The internalization of behaviors associated with a diagnosis. Signup and view all the answers

What defines apraxia?

An impairment in planning and executing movements Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes agnosia?

It involves preserved sensory perception but hindered recognition Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Lewy body dementia?

It includes abnormal protein deposits and shares traits with other dementias Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the geriatric anxiety inventory?

To assess anxiety symptoms in older adults Signup and view all the answers

What does health psychology primarily study?

The relationship between psychological factors and health conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is known as the 'stress hormone' and is produced in response to stress?

Cortisol Signup and view all the answers

What disorder is characterized by severe and frequent temper outbursts in children and adolescents?

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is commonly defined as the inability to experience pleasure in formerly enjoyable activities?

Anhedonia Signup and view all the answers

What are traits or conditions that help prevent the development of mental disorders known as?

Protective factors Signup and view all the answers

What is a mood disorder defined by a long-lasting pattern of mild to moderate depressive symptoms?

Dysthymic disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by a pattern of behaviors that violate other people's rights?

Conduct disorder Signup and view all the answers

What treatment involves inducing controlled seizures through electrical currents in the brain?

Electroconvulsive therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is pleasant activity scheduling intended to address?

Counteracting lack of interest and pleasure Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes bipolar disorder 1 from bipolar disorder 2?

Presence of at least one full manic episode Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)?

Improving interpersonal relationships Signup and view all the answers

In the context of bipolar disorder, what characterizes rapid cycling?

Frequent and quick mood shifts between episodes Signup and view all the answers

What is a hypomanic episode primarily characterized by?

Less severe elevated mood and increased energy Signup and view all the answers

What issue does underdiagnosis in mental health lead to?

Missed opportunities for treatment and support Signup and view all the answers

Which symptoms are typically associated with depression?

Low mood and fatigue Signup and view all the answers

What is cyclothymic disorder characterized by?

Chronic mild depression and shifts to hypomania Signup and view all the answers

What does meta-analysis allow researchers to do?

Combine data from multiple studies for broader conclusions Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of relapse prevention for depression?

Recognizing early signs and implementing coping strategies Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the acute phase of schizophrenia?

Severe hallucinations and delusions Signup and view all the answers

Which phase follows the stabilization of acute symptoms in schizophrenia?

Early recovery phase Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of the late recovery phase in schizophrenia?

Sustained symptom improvement Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes enduring psychosis?

Persistent psychotic symptoms despite treatment Signup and view all the answers

What does the concordance rate measure?

The proportion of individuals sharing an attribute Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neurotransmitters in the dopamine hypothesis related to schizophrenia?

Dysregulated neurotransmission leads to positive and negative symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes tardive dyskinesia?

Neurological syndrome due to neuroleptic drug use Signup and view all the answers

What is the main feature of somatic symptom disorder?

Chronic physical symptoms without a medical explanation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes la belle indifference?

Absence of distress despite serious health issues Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)?

To establish regular daily routines and manage social relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

Hallucinations and delusions Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes alogia in individuals with schizophrenia?

Limited meaningful speech with brief responses Signup and view all the answers

What defines a delusion of reference?

Interpreting random events as having personal significance Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable symptom of disorganized thinking in individuals?

Tangential speech and incoherence Signup and view all the answers

How is catatonic behavior primarily characterized?

Excessive, purposeless motor activity Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the onset depression phase?

First experienced emotional and cognitive changes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a grandiose delusion?

Believing one has a significant role or identity Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of a paranoid delusion?

Having a heightened sense of being targeted or harmed Signup and view all the answers

What best defines affective flattening in schizophrenia?

Diminished emotional expression and response Signup and view all the answers

What phase precedes the first significant symptoms of schizophrenia?

Prodromal phase Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about somatic delusions?

They indicate a person is seeking attention Signup and view all the answers

What is the premorbid phase in schizophrenia?

Time before noticeable symptoms appear Signup and view all the answers

What does paranoia typically involve?

Intense mistrust and suspicion of others Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary effects of amphetamines?

Increased alertness, energy, and euphoria Signup and view all the answers

How does substance misuse affect individuals with bipolar disorder?

Worsens the course of the disorder and impairs functioning Signup and view all the answers

What does the goal dysregulation model suggest about individuals with bipolar disorder?

They struggle with goal-directed behavior influenced by mood states Signup and view all the answers

Which temperamental traits are associated with the risk of developing bipolar disorder?

Impulsivity and sensitivity to reward and punishment Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of psychoeducation in mental health treatment?

To enhance understanding and coping mechanisms for individuals and families Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following scenarios is substance misuse commonly observed in bipolar disorder?

As a coping mechanism for mood swings Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

Intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors Signup and view all the answers

What are common symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

Intrusive memories and emotional distress Signup and view all the answers

What does negative reinforcement involve?

Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is prepared classical conditioning?

Biological predisposition to certain associations Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of exposure therapy?

To gradually expose individuals to fear-inducing stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes in vivo exposure from other exposure techniques?

Real-world confrontation of feared stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What is flooding in the context of exposure therapy?

Prolonged and intense exposure to feared stimuli Signup and view all the answers

What does self-efficacy refer to?

Belief in one's ability to perform specific tasks Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of psychotherapy?

To facilitate a therapeutic relationship that addresses emotional and psychological challenges Signup and view all the answers

Which principle describes the ego's ability to satisfy needs realistically?

The reality principle Signup and view all the answers

How are neuroses primarily characterized?

Distressing emotional symptoms and anxiety without psychosis Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of psychoses?

Severe disruptions in thoughts and a loss of contact with reality Signup and view all the answers

Which therapeutic technique involves gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimuli?

Systematic desensitization Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a token economy?

To enhance behaviors through a system of rewards Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive restructuring aim to achieve?

Changing negative thought patterns Signup and view all the answers

In the context of therapy, what is a behavioral experiment?

A structured approach to test beliefs through real-life actions Signup and view all the answers

Self-actualization refers to what concept in psychology?

Fulfilling one's potential and personal growth Signup and view all the answers

What defines conditions of worth in psychology?

Standards set by others that affect self-acceptance Signup and view all the answers

What is comorbidity?

The presence of two or more disorders in one individual Signup and view all the answers

What is the diathesis-stress model used to explain?

The interaction between predisposition and environmental stressors Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by an intense fear of social scrutiny?

Social anxiety disorder Signup and view all the answers

What type of anxiety disorder involves avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult?

Agoraphobia Signup and view all the answers

What does statistical rarity help identify?

Potential psychological disorders based on uncommon occurrences Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by norm violation?

Behaviors that deviate from accepted societal or cultural norms Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes distress?

Psychological discomfort affecting well-being Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes dysfunction in an individual's life?

Impaired functioning in thoughts or relationships Signup and view all the answers

What does the term clinically significant refer to?

Meaningful impact of symptoms indicating the need for intervention Signup and view all the answers

How is affect defined in psychology?

Outward display of emotions and mood Signup and view all the answers

What is a syndrome in the context of psychology?

Related symptoms indicating a specific condition or disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ventricles in the brain?

They produce and regulate cerebrospinal fluid Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the personality trait known as neuroticism?

A tendency to experience negative emotions Signup and view all the answers

What is anxiety sensitivity primarily concerned with?

The fear of anxiety-related sensations Signup and view all the answers

What therapeutic technique involves exposure to internal bodily sensations associated with anxiety?

Interoceptive exposure Signup and view all the answers

How do safety behaviors function in individuals with anxiety disorders?

They prevent learning that situations are not as dangerous Signup and view all the answers

What do meta-beliefs refer to in the context of psychological disorders?

Higher-level beliefs about one's own thoughts and beliefs Signup and view all the answers

What does the avoidance theory of worry suggest?

Worry serves as a way to avoid distressing emotions Signup and view all the answers

What does the intolerance of uncertainty model explain in relation to anxiety disorders?

Certain individuals have a reduced tolerance for uncertainty Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome of individuals engaging in safety behaviors?

Reinforcing their perception of threats in situations Signup and view all the answers

What is characterized by an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in appearance?

Body dysmorphic disorder Signup and view all the answers

Which model examines cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms through brain structure dysfunctions?

Neuropsychological model Signup and view all the answers

What is a severe restriction of food intake with an intense fear of gaining weight called?

Anorexia nervosa Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive model describes negative thinking patterns regarding oneself, the world, and the future?

Negative cognitive triad Signup and view all the answers

What is a condition characterized by persistent low mood and loss of interest lasting at least two weeks?

Major depressive episode Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the persistent pattern of defiant and disobedient behavior toward authority figures?

Oppositional defiant disorder Signup and view all the answers

What type of therapy involves exposure to anxiety-provoking situations without engaging in compulsive behaviors?

Exposure and response prevention Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in treating bipolar disorder?

Symptom monitoring and behavioral adjustments Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following randomized controlled trials demonstrated the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) for managing anxiety in bipolar disorder?

Perich et al.(2013) Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of treatment did Family-Focused Therapy (FFT) aim to improve to reduce relapse rates in bipolar disorder?

Family communication and problem-solving skills Signup and view all the answers

In which treatment stage was Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) found to be more effective than standard management?

Acute phase Signup and view all the answers

What treatment approach combines Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and minimal psychiatric care to reduce episodes in bipolar disorder?

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the results of the randomized controlled trial conducted by Miklowitz et al.(2003) regarding Family-Focused Therapy?

Fewer relapses compared to brief psychoeducation Signup and view all the answers

When was the first randomized controlled trial on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for bipolar disorder conducted?

1984 Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the key methods included in the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy intervention for bipolar disorder?

Symptom monitoring Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

Characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

Symptoms include intrusive memories and emotional distress following a traumatic event.

Negative Reinforcement

Involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

Prepared Classical Conditioning

Biological predisposition allows certain associations between stimuli to be learned more easily.

Exposure Therapy

Gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimuli aims to reduce anxiety.

In Vivo Exposure

Involves real-world confrontation of feared stimuli to alleviate anxiety.

Flooding

A technique that uses prolonged and intense exposure to feared stimuli to promote habituation.

Self-Efficacy

Refers to the belief in one’s ability to successfully perform specific tasks, influencing motivation and resilience.

Psychotherapy

Focuses on facilitating a therapeutic relationship to address emotional and psychological challenges.

Reality Principle

Ego's ability to satisfy needs realistically while managing the demands of reality.

Neuroses

Characterized by distressing emotional symptoms and anxiety without psychosis.

Psychoses

Involve severe disruptions in thoughts and a loss of contact with reality, including hallucinations and delusions.

Systematic Desensitization

A behavioral technique for gradually exposing individuals to fear-inducing stimuli combined with relaxation methods.

Token Economy

A behavioral management system that enhances desired behaviors through a system of rewards.

Cognitive Restructuring

A therapeutic technique aimed at changing negative thought patterns to improve emotional well-being.

Behavioral Experiment

Tests beliefs through structured real-life actions to validate assumptions about situations.

Self-Actualization

The process of fulfilling one's potential and pursuing personal growth.

Conditions of Worth

Standards set by others that affect an individual’s self-acceptance and self-expression.

Comorbidity

The presence of two or more disorders simultaneously within an individual.

Diathesis-Stress Model

Explains the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental stressors influencing mental health.

Characterized by an intense fear of social scrutiny and being judged by others.

Agoraphobia

Involves avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult due to fear of anxiety.

Statistical Rarity

Helps identify potential psychological disorders based on behaviors or traits that are uncommon.

Norm Violation

Refers to behaviors that deviate from societal or cultural norms, often leading to social disapproval.

Distress

Psychological discomfort that affects an individual's well-being and indicates a need for support.

Dysfunction

Impaired functioning in thoughts, emotions, or behaviors, often pointing to psychological issues.

Clinically Significant

Refers to the meaningful impact of symptoms indicating the need for psychological intervention.

Affect

Outward display of emotions and mood, observable through expressions and body language.

Syndrome

A collection of related symptoms indicating a specific medical or psychological condition.

Ventricles in the Brain

Produce and regulate cerebrospinal fluid, providing support and cushioning for the brain.

Neuroticism

Defined as the tendency to experience negative emotional states, such as anxiety and irritability.

Anxiety Sensitivity

Refers to the fear of anxiety-related sensations and the belief that they may lead to negative outcomes.

Interoceptive Exposure

Focuses on exposure to internal bodily sensations associated with anxiety to reduce fear.

Safety Behaviors

Prevent learning that situations are not as dangerous by allowing avoidance of feared stimuli.

Meta-Beliefs

Higher-level beliefs about one's thoughts can influence psychological disorder development.

Avoidance Theory of Worry

Proposes that excessive worry serves as a coping mechanism to avoid confronting distressing emotions.

Intolerance of Uncertainty Model

Suggests that individuals with anxiety disorders struggle more with uncertainty, leading to increased worry.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Involves an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in appearance, leading to significant distress.

Neuropsychological Model

Examines how brain dysfunctions contribute to psychological disorders.

Anorexia Nervosa

Characterized by severe restriction of food intake and intense fear of gaining weight.

Negative Cognitive Triad

Highlights the negative thinking patterns about oneself, the world, and the future common in depression.

Major Depressive Episode

Involves a persistent low mood and loss of interest lasting at least two weeks.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Defined by a pattern of defiant and disobedient behavior toward authority figures.

Exposure and Response Prevention

Focuses on exposure to anxiety-provoking situations while preventing compulsive behaviors.

Cortisol

Known as the "stress hormone," produced in response to stress and helps regulate the body's stress response.

Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

Characterized by severe and frequent temper outbursts in children and adolescents.

Anhedonia

The inability to experience pleasure in formerly enjoyable activities, often associated with depression.

Protective Factors

Traits or conditions that enhance resilience against the development of mental disorders.

Dysthymic Disorder

A mood disorder defined by long-lasting patterns of mild to moderate depressive symptoms.

Conduct Disorder

Involves a pattern of behaviors that violate others' rights and serious violations of social norms.

Electroconvulsive Therapy

A treatment involving controlled seizures induced by electrical currents, typically for severe mental health conditions.### Pleasant Activity Scheduling
Counteracts lack of interest and pleasure by engaging individuals in enjoyable tasks to enhance mood.

Bipolar Disorder

Bipolar disorder 1: marked by the presence of at least one full manic episode.
Bipolar disorder 2: characterized by recurring major depressive episodes and hypomanic states.

Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

Focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and addressing life events affecting mental health.

Rapid Cycling in Bipolar Disorder

Defined by frequent and abrupt mood shifts between manic or hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.

Hypomanic Episode

Characterized by a less severe elevated mood and increased energy compared to full manic episodes.

Underdiagnosis in Mental Health

Leads to missed opportunities for treatment and support, resulting in worsened conditions.

Symptoms of Depression

Common indicators include low mood, fatigue, changes in sleep and appetite, and diminished interest in activities.

Cyclothymic Disorder

Involves chronic mild depression alternating with periods of hypomania.

Meta-Analysis

Combines data from multiple studies for a broader understanding of a research topic, enhancing generalizable findings.

Relapse Prevention for Depression

Involves recognizing early signs of mood deterioration and implementing effective coping strategies.

Schizophrenia Phases

Acute phase: features severe hallucinations and delusions.
Early recovery phase: occurs post-stabilization of acute symptoms, focusing on improving functioning.
Late recovery phase: characterized by sustained symptom improvement.

Enduring Psychosis

Defined by persistent psychotic symptoms regardless of treatment effectiveness.

Concordance Rate

Measures the proportion of individuals in a given study who share an attribute, often used in studies of genetic disorders.

Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

Suggests dysregulation in neural transmission leads to both positive (hallucinations, delusions) and negative symptoms.

Tardive Dyskinesia

A neurological syndrome resulting from prolonged neuroleptic drug use, marked by involuntary movements.

Somatic Symptom Disorder

Characterized by chronic physical symptoms without a medical explanation, often paired with excessive thoughts about these symptoms.

La Belle Indifference

Refers to a lack of distress despite significant medical symptoms, commonly seen in conversion disorders.

Aims to establish regular daily routines and manages social relationships to stabilize mood.

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

Include hallucinations and delusions that enhance experiences beyond typical human perception.

Alogia

Defined as limited meaningful speech characterized by brief responses.

Delusion of Reference

Involves interpreting random events as having personal significance to an individual.

Disorganized Thinking

Often results in tangential or incoherent speech and difficulty conveying thoughts logically.

Catatonic Behavior

Characterized by excessive and purposeless motor activity or, conversely, a mute and inflexible state.

Onset Depression Phase

Marked by initial emotional, cognitive, and physical changes signaling the beginning of depressive episodes.

Grandiose Delusion

Involves an exaggerated belief in one's own importance or capabilities.

Paranoid Delusion

Characterized by an irrational belief of being targeted or harmed by others.

Affective Flattening

A diminished emotional expression and response, impacting the range of visible emotions.

Prodromal Phase of Schizophrenia

The period leading to the appearance of significant schizophrenia symptoms.

Common Misconception about Somatic Delusions

They do not indicate a person is seeking attention; they are false beliefs about bodily functions.

Premorbid Phase in Schizophrenia

Refers to the time period before noticeable schizophrenia symptoms develop.

Paranoia

Marked by intense mistrust and suspicion of others, often irrational in nature.

Effects of Amphetamines

Known for increasing alertness, energy, and feelings of euphoria by releasing neurotransmitters.

Impact of Substance Misuse in Bipolar Disorder

Worsens the disorder's course and impairs overall functioning, complicating treatment efforts.

Goal Dysregulation Model

Suggests individuals with bipolar disorder struggle with goal-directed behaviors influenced by their mood states.

Temperamental Traits in Bipolar Disorder

Impulsivity and sensitivity to reward and punishment are significant risk factors for developing the disorder.

Psychoeducation in Mental Health

Aims to enhance understanding and coping mechanisms among individuals and families dealing with mental health conditions.

Substance Misuse in Bipolar Disorder

Often acts as a coping mechanism for individuals trying to manage mood swings.

Neurotransmitters and Amphetamines

Dopamine and norepinephrine play a crucial role in enhancing mood and energy levels through amphetamine effects.

Challenges During Manic Episodes

Include erratic behavior and impulsiveness, which disrupt goal-directed actions according to the goal dysregulation model.

Factitious Disorder

Defined by feigning illness without genuine symptoms, distinct from seeking external benefits.

Sensory Disturbance

Refers to alterations in the perception of sensory stimuli rather than a loss of one of the senses.

Motivation Behind Malingering

Primarily aimed at avoiding legal obligations, not genuine emotional expression or need for medical treatment.

Hormonal Stress Response System

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis manages body’s hormonal response to stress.

Alexithymia

Affects individuals' ability to identify and express their emotions, often hindering emotional awareness.

Somatosensory Amplification

Characterized by the belief in exaggerated bodily sensations, leading to heightened distress.

Factitious Disorder Misconceptions

Distinct from malingering; it does not seek financial benefits but rather aims for the patient role.### Binge Eating Disorder
Characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food in a short time with a loss of control.

Pica

Defined by the consumption of non-nutritive substances such as sand, dirt, and metal objects.

Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI)

Focuses on measuring attitudes and behaviors related to eating disorders rather than just physical metrics.

Incidence in Health

Refers to the rate of new cases occurring within a defined time period.

Inpatient Treatment

Involves care received overnight within specialized facilities for easier monitoring and treatment.

Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)

Aims to explore and enhance motivation for behavioral change.

Muscle Dysmorphia

Focuses on the preoccupation with masculinity and perceived inadequacies related to muscle size.

Withdrawal in Substance Dependency

Indicates psychological and physical symptoms experienced when reducing or stopping substance use.

Disease Model of Addiction

Views addiction as a chronic medical condition influenced by changes in brain structure and function.

Gambling Disorder

Characterized by persistent gambling behavior leading to significant distress and impairment in life.

Decisional Analysis in Therapy

Used in MET to evaluate pros and cons of behavior change, aiding in decision-making.

Cognitive Errors

Reflect systematic biases in thinking that distort perceptions of reality.

Public Health Model

Approaches health issues from a collective perspective, emphasizing prevention and population-wide strategies.

Culture-Bound Syndrome

Defined as symptoms recognized as distinct within specific cultural contexts.

Self-Monitoring

Enhances self-awareness and helps individuals understand their personal behavioral patterns.

Depersonalization

Involves feeling detached from oneself or one’s body, leading to a dissociative experience.

Derealization

Characterized by a sense of detachment or distortion from one’s surroundings.

Depersonalization Disorder

Defined by experiencing episodes of depersonalization and/or derealization.

Identity Alteration

Involves shifts or changes in sense of self and identity.

Dissociative Fugue

Marked by unexpected departure from one’s life with amnesia regarding past identity.

Dissociative Amnesia

Involves significant memory loss specifically tied to traumatic or distressing events.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

Features two or more distinct identity states within the same individual, often with memory gaps.

Structured Interviews

Ensure systematic and standardized data collection through predetermined questions.

Post-Hypnotic Amnesia

Results in temporary memory loss of events that occurred during hypnosis.

Sexual Dysfunction Model

Excludes neurological factors, focusing instead on biological, cognitive, and interpersonal factors.

Traumatic Experiences Impact

Can lead to fragmented recall or emotional dysregulation related to the hippocampus and amygdala.

Sexual Response Cycle - Desire Phase

Characterized by feelings of sexual interest and attraction.

Hyperactive Sexual Desire Disorder

Involves intense preoccupation with sexual thoughts and urges, potentially impairing daily functioning.

State-Dependent Memory

Better recall occurs when the internal state during recall matches the state during learning.

Iatrogenesis

Refers to harm caused by medical treatment or procedures.

Female Sexual Arousal Disorder

Defined by a lack of sexual arousal despite appropriate sexual stimuli.

Bulimia Nervosa

Involves episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise.

Sensate Focus Exercises

Aim to enhance physical and emotional intimacy between partners in relationships.

Estrogen Therapy

Involves the use of estrogen, the primary female sex hormone for various treatments.

Paraphilias

Distinct due to the intensity and persistence of sexual interests that deviate from societal norms.

Exhibitionistic Disorder

Characterized by sexual arousal from exposing one’s genitals to unsuspecting individuals.

Hypertension

Commonly defined by abnormally high blood pressure, affecting multiple aspects of health.

Sexual Sadistic Disorder

Defined by arousal from inflicting physical or psychological pain on others.

Sexual Masochistic Disorder

Involves recurrent sexual arousal from experiencing humiliation or suffering.

Gender Dysphoria

Associated with the incongruence between assigned gender at birth and experienced gender identity.

Voyeuristic Disorder

Characterized by sexual arousal from observing others without their consent.

Focused on improving interpersonal and communication skills for better social interactions.

Expressive Skills

Refer to proficiency in conveying thoughts and emotions effectively.

Cluster A Personality Disorders

Defined by odd or eccentric behaviors, differing from other personality clusters.

Cluster B Personality Disorders

Includes disorders like Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Borderline Personality Disorders but not Avoidant.

Cluster C Personality Disorders

Characterized by anxious, fearful, and avoidance behaviors.

Receptive vs. Expressive Skills

Receptive skills involve understanding and interpreting information, while expressive skills focus on conveying it.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Noted for its primary feature of impulsivity and reckless behavior.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Bipolar Disorder

Primary focus is on symptom monitoring and behavioral adjustments to manage bipolar disorder effectively.
A key method within CBT interventions is the practice of symptom monitoring to track mood fluctuations.

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

Efficacy for managing anxiety in bipolar disorder was demonstrated by the randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted by Perich et al. in 2013.

Family-Focused Therapy (FFT)

FFT enhances family communication and problem-solving skills, which helps to reduce relapse rates in patients with bipolar disorder.
The RCT by Miklowitz et al. (2003) found that FFT resulted in fewer relapses compared to brief psychoeducation.

IPSRT was found to be more effective than standard management during the acute phase of treatment for bipolar disorder.

Treatment Approaches

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be combined with minimal psychiatric care to reduce episodes of bipolar disorder.

Historical Context of CBT in Bipolar Disorder

The first randomized controlled trial on CBT for bipolar disorder was conducted in 1984, marking a significant milestone in treatment research for this condition.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

This quiz explores key characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Test your knowledge on its symptoms, including intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors. Suitable for psychology students and those interested in mental health.