Clinical and Abnormal Psych
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Questions and Answers

According to the health belief model, which factor influences health-related actions the most?

  • Personal history of health issues
  • Perception of severity and susceptibility of health issues (correct)
  • Recommendations from health professionals
  • The individual's social status

    • Protection motivation theory includes which of the following components?

  • Cognitive dissonance factors
  • Threat appraisal and coping appraisal (correct)
  • Personal motivation and health history impact only
  • Social influences and peer pressure only

    • Which of the following is a common symptom measured by the geriatric anxiety inventory?

  • Sudden memory loss
  • Isolation from social activities
  • Physical weakness
  • Tension and worry (correct)

    • What does the theory of reasoned action primarily explain?

    <p>The influence of attitudes and subjective norms on behavioral intention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the theory of planned behavior differ from the theory of reasoned action?

    <p>It includes the concept of perceived behavioral control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages is NOT part of the stages of change model?

    <p>Reflection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of self-regulation theory?

    <p>Monitoring and managing thoughts, feelings, and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social readjustment involve?

    <p>Adapting to changes in social circumstances or life events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary purpose of the Maslach stress and burnout inventory?

    <p>To evaluate burnout levels in work-related contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a dimension measured by the Maslach stress and burnout inventory?

    <p>Goal Achievement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the stages of change model, which stage follows 'contemplation'?

    <p>Preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do neurotransmitters like dopamine and norepinephrine play in the effects of amphetamines?

    <p>They enhance mood and energy levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges do individuals face according to the goal dysregulation model during manic episodes?

    <p>Erratic behaviors and impulsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes factitious disorder?

    <p>Acting as if one has an illness without it being genuine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines sensory disturbance?

    <p>Alterations in perception of sensory stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary motivation behind malingering?

    <p>To avoid having to fulfill legal obligations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which system is known as the hormonal stress response system?

    <p>Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does alexithymia specifically affect in individuals?

    <p>Their capacity to identify and express emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is somatosensory amplification described?

    <p>The belief in having exaggerated bodily sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding factitious disorder?

    <p>It involves seeking financial benefits or compensations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which psychological feature is commonly associated with somatic symptom disorders?

    <p>Excessive focus on physical health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes binge eating disorder?

    <p>Consuming large amounts of food with feelings of loss of control.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which non-nutritive substances might someone with pica consume?

    <p>Sand, dirt, and metal objects.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the eating disorders inventory (EDI)?

    <p>To measure attitudes and behaviors related to eating disorders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does incidence refer to in the context of health?

    <p>The rate of new cases occurring over a defined time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of care is provided in inpatient treatment?

    <p>Care received overnight within a specialized facility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the goal of motivational enhancement therapy (MET)?

    <p>To explore and increase motivation for behavior change.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is muscle dysmorphia primarily concerned with?

    <p>A preoccupation with perceived body inadequacies regarding muscle size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does withdrawal indicate in substance dependency?

    <p>Psychological symptoms from reducing or stopping the use of a substance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main premise of the disease model of addiction?

    <p>Addiction is a chronic medical condition influenced by brain changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by problematic gambling behavior?

    <p>Gambling disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of therapy can help individuals weigh the pros and cons of behavior change?

    <p>Motivational enhancement therapy using a decisional analysis sheet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are cognitive errors?

    <p>Errors that reflect systematic biases in thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the public health model focused on?

    <p>Approaching health issues from a collective perspective.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a culture-bound syndrome?

    <p>Symptoms and behaviors recognized as a distinct illness within a specific cultural group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-monitoring primarily aim to enhance?

    <p>Self-awareness and understanding of personal patterns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which best describes depersonalization?

    <p>Feeling detached from oneself or one's body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is derealization characterized by?

    <p>Detachment from one's surroundings or the external world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What identifies depersonalization disorder?

    <p>Episodes of depersonalization and/or derealization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of identity alteration?

    <p>Shifts or changes in sense of self and identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is dissociative fugue defined?

    <p>An unexpected departure from one's life accompanied by amnesia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dissociative amnesia primarily involve?

    <p>Amnesia for highly distressing or traumatic events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes dissociative identity disorder?

    <p>Two or more distinct identity states within an individual.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a structured interview?

    <p>To ensure systematic and standardized data collection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes post-hypnotic amnesia?

    <p>Temporary memory loss of events during hypnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component is NOT included in the sexual dysfunction model?

    <p>Neurological factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact do traumatic experiences have on the hippocampus and amygdala?

    <p>They can lead to fragmented recall or emotional dysregulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of the desire phase in the sexual response cycle?

    <p>Feelings of sexual interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by excessive preoccupation with sexual thoughts and urges?

    <p>Hyperactive sexual desire disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is state-dependent memory?

    <p>Improved recall when internal states match during encoding and recall.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does iatrogenesis refer to in a medical context?

    <p>Harm caused by medical treatment or procedure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sexual dysfunction is characterized by a lack of arousal despite appropriate sexual stimuli?

    <p>Female sexual arousal disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines bulimia nervosa?

    <p>An eating disorder with episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Sensate focus exercises are aimed at enhancing what aspect in relationships?

    <p>Enhancing physical and emotional intimacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary hormone involved in estrogen therapy?

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes paraphilias from other sexual interests?

    <p>Intensity and persistence of interests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which paraphilic disorder involves sexual arousal from exposing one's genitals?

    <p>Exhibitionistic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of hypertension?

    <p>Abnormally high blood pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by intense sexual arousal from inflicting pain?

    <p>Sexual sadistic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves recurrent sexual arousal from experiencing humiliation?

    <p>Sexual masochistic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is gender dysphoria primarily associated with?

    <p>Incongruence between experienced gender and assigned gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hyperactive sexual desire disorder NOT typically lead to?

    <p>Increased social acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines voyeuristic disorder?

    <p>Recurrent sexual arousal from observing others without their consent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of social skills training?

    <p>To improve interpersonal and communication skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes expressive skills?

    <p>The proficiency in conveying thoughts and emotions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cluster of personality disorders is characterized by odd or eccentric behaviors?

    <p>Cluster A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT one of the types included in Cluster B personality disorders?

    <p>Avoidant Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of Cluster C personality disorders?

    <p>Anxious, fearful, and avoidance behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates receptive skills from expressive skills?

    <p>Receptive skills involve listening and interpretation, whereas expressive skills involve conveying information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which personality disorder is characterized by impulsivity as a primary feature?

    <p>Antisocial Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)?

    <p>Persistent patterns of inattention and hyperactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes executive functions?

    <p>They help manage and regulate various mental tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of specific learning disorder?

    <p>Struggles with academic skills significantly below expected levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best defines autism spectrum disorder (ASD)?

    <p>It varies widely in terms of severity and presentation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does selective mutism entail?

    <p>Inability to speak in specific social situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes enuresis?

    <p>Involuntary urination during sleep beyond typical ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is vascular dementia primarily caused by?

    <p>Impaired blood flow to the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are focal neurological symptoms?

    <p>Neurological deficits localized to specific brain areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a significant indicator of intellectual disability?

    <p>Limitations in intellectual functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the bell and pad method?

    <p>To wake a child for toilet use upon urination detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes schizotypal personality disorder?

    <p>Cognitive or perceptual distortions and odd behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of narcissistic personality disorder?

    <p>A pervasive need for admiration and grandiosity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder involves a pervasive distrust of others?

    <p>Paranoid personality disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is indicative of avoidant personality disorder?

    <p>Fear of negative evaluation and social inhibition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

    <p>Disregard for others' rights and societal rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these behaviors is often associated with histrionic personality disorder?

    <p>Dramatic and exaggerated emotional expressions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which trait is commonly associated with individuals suffering from dependent personality disorder?

    <p>Overreliance on others for emotional well-being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes psychopathy from antisocial personality disorder?

    <p>Psychopathy typically involves superficial charm and manipulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Linehan's biosocial model focus on in relation to borderline personality disorder?

    <p>Biological predisposition and invalidating environmental factors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of Beck's cognitive model in therapy?

    <p>Understanding the connection between thoughts, emotions, and behaviors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do dimensions and categories differ in the diagnosis of psychological disorders?

    <p>Dimensions consider disorders as existing on a continuum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining characteristic of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD)?

    <p>Preoccupation with orderliness and perfectionism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the labelling effect describe?

    <p>The internalization of behaviors associated with a diagnosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines apraxia?

    <p>An impairment in planning and executing movements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes agnosia?

    <p>It involves preserved sensory perception but hindered recognition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes Lewy body dementia?

    <p>It includes abnormal protein deposits and shares traits with other dementias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the geriatric anxiety inventory?

    <p>To assess anxiety symptoms in older adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does health psychology primarily study?

    <p>The relationship between psychological factors and health conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is known as the 'stress hormone' and is produced in response to stress?

    <p>Cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What disorder is characterized by severe and frequent temper outbursts in children and adolescents?

    <p>Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is commonly defined as the inability to experience pleasure in formerly enjoyable activities?

    <p>Anhedonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are traits or conditions that help prevent the development of mental disorders known as?

    <p>Protective factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a mood disorder defined by a long-lasting pattern of mild to moderate depressive symptoms?

    <p>Dysthymic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by a pattern of behaviors that violate other people's rights?

    <p>Conduct disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment involves inducing controlled seizures through electrical currents in the brain?

    <p>Electroconvulsive therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is pleasant activity scheduling intended to address?

    <p>Counteracting lack of interest and pleasure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes bipolar disorder 1 from bipolar disorder 2?

    <p>Presence of at least one full manic episode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)?

    <p>Improving interpersonal relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of bipolar disorder, what characterizes rapid cycling?

    <p>Frequent and quick mood shifts between episodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hypomanic episode primarily characterized by?

    <p>Less severe elevated mood and increased energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What issue does underdiagnosis in mental health lead to?

    <p>Missed opportunities for treatment and support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptoms are typically associated with depression?

    <p>Low mood and fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is cyclothymic disorder characterized by?

    <p>Chronic mild depression and shifts to hypomania</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does meta-analysis allow researchers to do?

    <p>Combine data from multiple studies for broader conclusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of relapse prevention for depression?

    <p>Recognizing early signs and implementing coping strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the acute phase of schizophrenia?

    <p>Severe hallucinations and delusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase follows the stabilization of acute symptoms in schizophrenia?

    <p>Early recovery phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining feature of the late recovery phase in schizophrenia?

    <p>Sustained symptom improvement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes enduring psychosis?

    <p>Persistent psychotic symptoms despite treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concordance rate measure?

    <p>The proportion of individuals sharing an attribute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of neurotransmitters in the dopamine hypothesis related to schizophrenia?

    <p>Dysregulated neurotransmission leads to positive and negative symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes tardive dyskinesia?

    <p>Neurological syndrome due to neuroleptic drug use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main feature of somatic symptom disorder?

    <p>Chronic physical symptoms without a medical explanation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes la belle indifference?

    <p>Absence of distress despite serious health issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of interpersonal and social rhythm therapy (IPSRT)?

    <p>To establish regular daily routines and manage social relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Hallucinations and delusions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes alogia in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>Limited meaningful speech with brief responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a delusion of reference?

    <p>Interpreting random events as having personal significance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable symptom of disorganized thinking in individuals?

    <p>Tangential speech and incoherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is catatonic behavior primarily characterized?

    <p>Excessive, purposeless motor activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the onset depression phase?

    <p>First experienced emotional and cognitive changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a grandiose delusion?

    <p>Believing one has a significant role or identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant feature of a paranoid delusion?

    <p>Having a heightened sense of being targeted or harmed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best defines affective flattening in schizophrenia?

    <p>Diminished emotional expression and response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase precedes the first significant symptoms of schizophrenia?

    <p>Prodromal phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about somatic delusions?

    <p>They indicate a person is seeking attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the premorbid phase in schizophrenia?

    <p>Time before noticeable symptoms appear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does paranoia typically involve?

    <p>Intense mistrust and suspicion of others</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary effects of amphetamines?

    <p>Increased alertness, energy, and euphoria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does substance misuse affect individuals with bipolar disorder?

    <p>Worsens the course of the disorder and impairs functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the goal dysregulation model suggest about individuals with bipolar disorder?

    <p>They struggle with goal-directed behavior influenced by mood states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which temperamental traits are associated with the risk of developing bipolar disorder?

    <p>Impulsivity and sensitivity to reward and punishment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of psychoeducation in mental health treatment?

    <p>To enhance understanding and coping mechanisms for individuals and families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following scenarios is substance misuse commonly observed in bipolar disorder?

    <p>As a coping mechanism for mood swings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)?

    <p>Intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are common symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)?

    <p>Intrusive memories and emotional distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does negative reinforcement involve?

    <p>Removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is prepared classical conditioning?

    <p>Biological predisposition to certain associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of exposure therapy?

    <p>To gradually expose individuals to fear-inducing stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes in vivo exposure from other exposure techniques?

    <p>Real-world confrontation of feared stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is flooding in the context of exposure therapy?

    <p>Prolonged and intense exposure to feared stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-efficacy refer to?

    <p>Belief in one's ability to perform specific tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of psychotherapy?

    <p>To facilitate a therapeutic relationship that addresses emotional and psychological challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle describes the ego's ability to satisfy needs realistically?

    <p>The reality principle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are neuroses primarily characterized?

    <p>Distressing emotional symptoms and anxiety without psychosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of psychoses?

    <p>Severe disruptions in thoughts and a loss of contact with reality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which therapeutic technique involves gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimuli?

    <p>Systematic desensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a token economy?

    <p>To enhance behaviors through a system of rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does cognitive restructuring aim to achieve?

    <p>Changing negative thought patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of therapy, what is a behavioral experiment?

    <p>A structured approach to test beliefs through real-life actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-actualization refers to what concept in psychology?

    <p>Fulfilling one's potential and personal growth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines conditions of worth in psychology?

    <p>Standards set by others that affect self-acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is comorbidity?

    <p>The presence of two or more disorders in one individual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the diathesis-stress model used to explain?

    <p>The interaction between predisposition and environmental stressors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which disorder is characterized by an intense fear of social scrutiny?

    <p>Social anxiety disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of anxiety disorder involves avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult?

    <p>Agoraphobia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does statistical rarity help identify?

    <p>Potential psychological disorders based on uncommon occurrences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by norm violation?

    <p>Behaviors that deviate from accepted societal or cultural norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes distress?

    <p>Psychological discomfort affecting well-being</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes dysfunction in an individual's life?

    <p>Impaired functioning in thoughts or relationships</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term clinically significant refer to?

    <p>Meaningful impact of symptoms indicating the need for intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is affect defined in psychology?

    <p>Outward display of emotions and mood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a syndrome in the context of psychology?

    <p>Related symptoms indicating a specific condition or disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ventricles in the brain?

    <p>They produce and regulate cerebrospinal fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the personality trait known as neuroticism?

    <p>A tendency to experience negative emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is anxiety sensitivity primarily concerned with?

    <p>The fear of anxiety-related sensations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What therapeutic technique involves exposure to internal bodily sensations associated with anxiety?

    <p>Interoceptive exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do safety behaviors function in individuals with anxiety disorders?

    <p>They prevent learning that situations are not as dangerous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do meta-beliefs refer to in the context of psychological disorders?

    <p>Higher-level beliefs about one's own thoughts and beliefs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the avoidance theory of worry suggest?

    <p>Worry serves as a way to avoid distressing emotions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the intolerance of uncertainty model explain in relation to anxiety disorders?

    <p>Certain individuals have a reduced tolerance for uncertainty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of individuals engaging in safety behaviors?

    <p>Reinforcing their perception of threats in situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characterized by an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in appearance?

    <p>Body dysmorphic disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which model examines cognitive, emotional, and behavioral symptoms through brain structure dysfunctions?

    <p>Neuropsychological model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a severe restriction of food intake with an intense fear of gaining weight called?

    <p>Anorexia nervosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cognitive model describes negative thinking patterns regarding oneself, the world, and the future?

    <p>Negative cognitive triad</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a condition characterized by persistent low mood and loss of interest lasting at least two weeks?

    <p>Major depressive episode</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the persistent pattern of defiant and disobedient behavior toward authority figures?

    <p>Oppositional defiant disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of therapy involves exposure to anxiety-provoking situations without engaging in compulsive behaviors?

    <p>Exposure and response prevention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in treating bipolar disorder?

    <p>Symptom monitoring and behavioral adjustments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following randomized controlled trials demonstrated the efficacy of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) for managing anxiety in bipolar disorder?

    <p>Perich et al.(2013)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of treatment did Family-Focused Therapy (FFT) aim to improve to reduce relapse rates in bipolar disorder?

    <p>Family communication and problem-solving skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which treatment stage was Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT) found to be more effective than standard management?

    <p>Acute phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What treatment approach combines Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and minimal psychiatric care to reduce episodes in bipolar disorder?

    <p>Cognitive Behavioral Therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the results of the randomized controlled trial conducted by Miklowitz et al.(2003) regarding Family-Focused Therapy?

    <p>Fewer relapses compared to brief psychoeducation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When was the first randomized controlled trial on Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for bipolar disorder conducted?

    <p>1984</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the key methods included in the Cognitive Behavioral Therapy intervention for bipolar disorder?

    <p>Symptom monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

    • Characterized by intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions).

    Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

    • Symptoms include intrusive memories and emotional distress following a traumatic event.

    Negative Reinforcement

    • Involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a behavior.

    Prepared Classical Conditioning

    • Biological predisposition allows certain associations between stimuli to be learned more easily.

    Exposure Therapy

    • Gradual exposure to fear-inducing stimuli aims to reduce anxiety.

    In Vivo Exposure

    • Involves real-world confrontation of feared stimuli to alleviate anxiety.

    Flooding

    • A technique that uses prolonged and intense exposure to feared stimuli to promote habituation.

    Self-Efficacy

    • Refers to the belief in one’s ability to successfully perform specific tasks, influencing motivation and resilience.

    Psychotherapy

    • Focuses on facilitating a therapeutic relationship to address emotional and psychological challenges.

    Reality Principle

    • Ego's ability to satisfy needs realistically while managing the demands of reality.

    Neuroses

    • Characterized by distressing emotional symptoms and anxiety without psychosis.

    Psychoses

    • Involve severe disruptions in thoughts and a loss of contact with reality, including hallucinations and delusions.

    Systematic Desensitization

    • A behavioral technique for gradually exposing individuals to fear-inducing stimuli combined with relaxation methods.

    Token Economy

    • A behavioral management system that enhances desired behaviors through a system of rewards.

    Cognitive Restructuring

    • A therapeutic technique aimed at changing negative thought patterns to improve emotional well-being.

    Behavioral Experiment

    • Tests beliefs through structured real-life actions to validate assumptions about situations.

    Self-Actualization

    • The process of fulfilling one's potential and pursuing personal growth.

    Conditions of Worth

    • Standards set by others that affect an individual’s self-acceptance and self-expression.

    Comorbidity

    • The presence of two or more disorders simultaneously within an individual.

    Diathesis-Stress Model

    • Explains the interaction between genetic predispositions and environmental stressors influencing mental health.

    Social Anxiety Disorder

    • Characterized by an intense fear of social scrutiny and being judged by others.

    Agoraphobia

    • Involves avoidance of situations where escape might be difficult due to fear of anxiety.

    Statistical Rarity

    • Helps identify potential psychological disorders based on behaviors or traits that are uncommon.

    Norm Violation

    • Refers to behaviors that deviate from societal or cultural norms, often leading to social disapproval.

    Distress

    • Psychological discomfort that affects an individual's well-being and indicates a need for support.

    Dysfunction

    • Impaired functioning in thoughts, emotions, or behaviors, often pointing to psychological issues.

    Clinically Significant

    • Refers to the meaningful impact of symptoms indicating the need for psychological intervention.

    Affect

    • Outward display of emotions and mood, observable through expressions and body language.

    Syndrome

    • A collection of related symptoms indicating a specific medical or psychological condition.

    Ventricles in the Brain

    • Produce and regulate cerebrospinal fluid, providing support and cushioning for the brain.

    Neuroticism

    • Defined as the tendency to experience negative emotional states, such as anxiety and irritability.

    Anxiety Sensitivity

    • Refers to the fear of anxiety-related sensations and the belief that they may lead to negative outcomes.

    Interoceptive Exposure

    • Focuses on exposure to internal bodily sensations associated with anxiety to reduce fear.

    Safety Behaviors

    • Prevent learning that situations are not as dangerous by allowing avoidance of feared stimuli.

    Meta-Beliefs

    • Higher-level beliefs about one's thoughts can influence psychological disorder development.

    Avoidance Theory of Worry

    • Proposes that excessive worry serves as a coping mechanism to avoid confronting distressing emotions.

    Intolerance of Uncertainty Model

    • Suggests that individuals with anxiety disorders struggle more with uncertainty, leading to increased worry.

    Body Dysmorphic Disorder

    • Involves an obsessive focus on perceived flaws in appearance, leading to significant distress.

    Neuropsychological Model

    • Examines how brain dysfunctions contribute to psychological disorders.

    Anorexia Nervosa

    • Characterized by severe restriction of food intake and intense fear of gaining weight.

    Negative Cognitive Triad

    • Highlights the negative thinking patterns about oneself, the world, and the future common in depression.

    Major Depressive Episode

    • Involves a persistent low mood and loss of interest lasting at least two weeks.

    Oppositional Defiant Disorder

    • Defined by a pattern of defiant and disobedient behavior toward authority figures.

    Exposure and Response Prevention

    • Focuses on exposure to anxiety-provoking situations while preventing compulsive behaviors.

    Cortisol

    • Known as the "stress hormone," produced in response to stress and helps regulate the body's stress response.

    Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder

    • Characterized by severe and frequent temper outbursts in children and adolescents.

    Anhedonia

    • The inability to experience pleasure in formerly enjoyable activities, often associated with depression.

    Protective Factors

    • Traits or conditions that enhance resilience against the development of mental disorders.

    Dysthymic Disorder

    • A mood disorder defined by long-lasting patterns of mild to moderate depressive symptoms.

    Conduct Disorder

    • Involves a pattern of behaviors that violate others' rights and serious violations of social norms.

    Electroconvulsive Therapy

    • A treatment involving controlled seizures induced by electrical currents, typically for severe mental health conditions.### Pleasant Activity Scheduling
    • Counteracts lack of interest and pleasure by engaging individuals in enjoyable tasks to enhance mood.

    Bipolar Disorder

    • Bipolar disorder 1: marked by the presence of at least one full manic episode.
    • Bipolar disorder 2: characterized by recurring major depressive episodes and hypomanic states.

    Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT)

    • Focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and addressing life events affecting mental health.

    Rapid Cycling in Bipolar Disorder

    • Defined by frequent and abrupt mood shifts between manic or hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.

    Hypomanic Episode

    • Characterized by a less severe elevated mood and increased energy compared to full manic episodes.

    Underdiagnosis in Mental Health

    • Leads to missed opportunities for treatment and support, resulting in worsened conditions.

    Symptoms of Depression

    • Common indicators include low mood, fatigue, changes in sleep and appetite, and diminished interest in activities.

    Cyclothymic Disorder

    • Involves chronic mild depression alternating with periods of hypomania.

    Meta-Analysis

    • Combines data from multiple studies for a broader understanding of a research topic, enhancing generalizable findings.

    Relapse Prevention for Depression

    • Involves recognizing early signs of mood deterioration and implementing effective coping strategies.

    Schizophrenia Phases

    • Acute phase: features severe hallucinations and delusions.
    • Early recovery phase: occurs post-stabilization of acute symptoms, focusing on improving functioning.
    • Late recovery phase: characterized by sustained symptom improvement.

    Enduring Psychosis

    • Defined by persistent psychotic symptoms regardless of treatment effectiveness.

    Concordance Rate

    • Measures the proportion of individuals in a given study who share an attribute, often used in studies of genetic disorders.

    Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia

    • Suggests dysregulation in neural transmission leads to both positive (hallucinations, delusions) and negative symptoms.

    Tardive Dyskinesia

    • A neurological syndrome resulting from prolonged neuroleptic drug use, marked by involuntary movements.

    Somatic Symptom Disorder

    • Characterized by chronic physical symptoms without a medical explanation, often paired with excessive thoughts about these symptoms.

    La Belle Indifference

    • Refers to a lack of distress despite significant medical symptoms, commonly seen in conversion disorders.

    Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)

    • Aims to establish regular daily routines and manages social relationships to stabilize mood.

    Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

    • Include hallucinations and delusions that enhance experiences beyond typical human perception.

    Alogia

    • Defined as limited meaningful speech characterized by brief responses.

    Delusion of Reference

    • Involves interpreting random events as having personal significance to an individual.

    Disorganized Thinking

    • Often results in tangential or incoherent speech and difficulty conveying thoughts logically.

    Catatonic Behavior

    • Characterized by excessive and purposeless motor activity or, conversely, a mute and inflexible state.

    Onset Depression Phase

    • Marked by initial emotional, cognitive, and physical changes signaling the beginning of depressive episodes.

    Grandiose Delusion

    • Involves an exaggerated belief in one's own importance or capabilities.

    Paranoid Delusion

    • Characterized by an irrational belief of being targeted or harmed by others.

    Affective Flattening

    • A diminished emotional expression and response, impacting the range of visible emotions.

    Prodromal Phase of Schizophrenia

    • The period leading to the appearance of significant schizophrenia symptoms.

    Common Misconception about Somatic Delusions

    • They do not indicate a person is seeking attention; they are false beliefs about bodily functions.

    Premorbid Phase in Schizophrenia

    • Refers to the time period before noticeable schizophrenia symptoms develop.

    Paranoia

    • Marked by intense mistrust and suspicion of others, often irrational in nature.

    Effects of Amphetamines

    • Known for increasing alertness, energy, and feelings of euphoria by releasing neurotransmitters.

    Impact of Substance Misuse in Bipolar Disorder

    • Worsens the disorder's course and impairs overall functioning, complicating treatment efforts.

    Goal Dysregulation Model

    • Suggests individuals with bipolar disorder struggle with goal-directed behaviors influenced by their mood states.

    Temperamental Traits in Bipolar Disorder

    • Impulsivity and sensitivity to reward and punishment are significant risk factors for developing the disorder.

    Psychoeducation in Mental Health

    • Aims to enhance understanding and coping mechanisms among individuals and families dealing with mental health conditions.

    Substance Misuse in Bipolar Disorder

    • Often acts as a coping mechanism for individuals trying to manage mood swings.

    Neurotransmitters and Amphetamines

    • Dopamine and norepinephrine play a crucial role in enhancing mood and energy levels through amphetamine effects.

    Challenges During Manic Episodes

    • Include erratic behavior and impulsiveness, which disrupt goal-directed actions according to the goal dysregulation model.

    Factitious Disorder

    • Defined by feigning illness without genuine symptoms, distinct from seeking external benefits.

    Sensory Disturbance

    • Refers to alterations in the perception of sensory stimuli rather than a loss of one of the senses.

    Motivation Behind Malingering

    • Primarily aimed at avoiding legal obligations, not genuine emotional expression or need for medical treatment.

    Hormonal Stress Response System

    • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis manages body’s hormonal response to stress.

    Alexithymia

    • Affects individuals' ability to identify and express their emotions, often hindering emotional awareness.

    Somatosensory Amplification

    • Characterized by the belief in exaggerated bodily sensations, leading to heightened distress.

    Factitious Disorder Misconceptions

    • Distinct from malingering; it does not seek financial benefits but rather aims for the patient role.### Binge Eating Disorder
    • Characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food in a short time with a loss of control.

    Pica

    • Defined by the consumption of non-nutritive substances such as sand, dirt, and metal objects.

    Eating Disorders Inventory (EDI)

    • Focuses on measuring attitudes and behaviors related to eating disorders rather than just physical metrics.

    Incidence in Health

    • Refers to the rate of new cases occurring within a defined time period.

    Inpatient Treatment

    • Involves care received overnight within specialized facilities for easier monitoring and treatment.

    Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET)

    • Aims to explore and enhance motivation for behavioral change.

    Muscle Dysmorphia

    • Focuses on the preoccupation with masculinity and perceived inadequacies related to muscle size.

    Withdrawal in Substance Dependency

    • Indicates psychological and physical symptoms experienced when reducing or stopping substance use.

    Disease Model of Addiction

    • Views addiction as a chronic medical condition influenced by changes in brain structure and function.

    Gambling Disorder

    • Characterized by persistent gambling behavior leading to significant distress and impairment in life.

    Decisional Analysis in Therapy

    • Used in MET to evaluate pros and cons of behavior change, aiding in decision-making.

    Cognitive Errors

    • Reflect systematic biases in thinking that distort perceptions of reality.

    Public Health Model

    • Approaches health issues from a collective perspective, emphasizing prevention and population-wide strategies.

    Culture-Bound Syndrome

    • Defined as symptoms recognized as distinct within specific cultural contexts.

    Self-Monitoring

    • Enhances self-awareness and helps individuals understand their personal behavioral patterns.

    Depersonalization

    • Involves feeling detached from oneself or one’s body, leading to a dissociative experience.

    Derealization

    • Characterized by a sense of detachment or distortion from one’s surroundings.

    Depersonalization Disorder

    • Defined by experiencing episodes of depersonalization and/or derealization.

    Identity Alteration

    • Involves shifts or changes in sense of self and identity.

    Dissociative Fugue

    • Marked by unexpected departure from one’s life with amnesia regarding past identity.

    Dissociative Amnesia

    • Involves significant memory loss specifically tied to traumatic or distressing events.

    Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)

    • Features two or more distinct identity states within the same individual, often with memory gaps.

    Structured Interviews

    • Ensure systematic and standardized data collection through predetermined questions.

    Post-Hypnotic Amnesia

    • Results in temporary memory loss of events that occurred during hypnosis.

    Sexual Dysfunction Model

    • Excludes neurological factors, focusing instead on biological, cognitive, and interpersonal factors.

    Traumatic Experiences Impact

    • Can lead to fragmented recall or emotional dysregulation related to the hippocampus and amygdala.

    Sexual Response Cycle - Desire Phase

    • Characterized by feelings of sexual interest and attraction.

    Hyperactive Sexual Desire Disorder

    • Involves intense preoccupation with sexual thoughts and urges, potentially impairing daily functioning.

    State-Dependent Memory

    • Better recall occurs when the internal state during recall matches the state during learning.

    Iatrogenesis

    • Refers to harm caused by medical treatment or procedures.

    Female Sexual Arousal Disorder

    • Defined by a lack of sexual arousal despite appropriate sexual stimuli.

    Bulimia Nervosa

    • Involves episodes of binge eating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting or excessive exercise.

    Sensate Focus Exercises

    • Aim to enhance physical and emotional intimacy between partners in relationships.

    Estrogen Therapy

    • Involves the use of estrogen, the primary female sex hormone for various treatments.

    Paraphilias

    • Distinct due to the intensity and persistence of sexual interests that deviate from societal norms.

    Exhibitionistic Disorder

    • Characterized by sexual arousal from exposing one’s genitals to unsuspecting individuals.

    Hypertension

    • Commonly defined by abnormally high blood pressure, affecting multiple aspects of health.

    Sexual Sadistic Disorder

    • Defined by arousal from inflicting physical or psychological pain on others.

    Sexual Masochistic Disorder

    • Involves recurrent sexual arousal from experiencing humiliation or suffering.

    Gender Dysphoria

    • Associated with the incongruence between assigned gender at birth and experienced gender identity.

    Voyeuristic Disorder

    • Characterized by sexual arousal from observing others without their consent.

    Social Skills Training

    • Focused on improving interpersonal and communication skills for better social interactions.

    Expressive Skills

    • Refer to proficiency in conveying thoughts and emotions effectively.

    Cluster A Personality Disorders

    • Defined by odd or eccentric behaviors, differing from other personality clusters.

    Cluster B Personality Disorders

    • Includes disorders like Histrionic, Narcissistic, and Borderline Personality Disorders but not Avoidant.

    Cluster C Personality Disorders

    • Characterized by anxious, fearful, and avoidance behaviors.

    Receptive vs. Expressive Skills

    • Receptive skills involve understanding and interpreting information, while expressive skills focus on conveying it.

    Antisocial Personality Disorder

    • Noted for its primary feature of impulsivity and reckless behavior.

    Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Bipolar Disorder

    • Primary focus is on symptom monitoring and behavioral adjustments to manage bipolar disorder effectively.
    • A key method within CBT interventions is the practice of symptom monitoring to track mood fluctuations.

    Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT)

    • Efficacy for managing anxiety in bipolar disorder was demonstrated by the randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted by Perich et al. in 2013.

    Family-Focused Therapy (FFT)

    • FFT enhances family communication and problem-solving skills, which helps to reduce relapse rates in patients with bipolar disorder.
    • The RCT by Miklowitz et al. (2003) found that FFT resulted in fewer relapses compared to brief psychoeducation.

    Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Therapy (IPSRT)

    • IPSRT was found to be more effective than standard management during the acute phase of treatment for bipolar disorder.

    Treatment Approaches

    • Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) can be combined with minimal psychiatric care to reduce episodes of bipolar disorder.

    Historical Context of CBT in Bipolar Disorder

    • The first randomized controlled trial on CBT for bipolar disorder was conducted in 1984, marking a significant milestone in treatment research for this condition.

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    This quiz explores key characteristics of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Test your knowledge on its symptoms, including intrusive thoughts and repetitive behaviors. Suitable for psychology students and those interested in mental health.

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