Understanding Obedience in Human Behavior

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Questions and Answers

What are some common reasons why individuals join groups?

Individuals join groups for companionship, survival and security, affiliation status, power and control, and achievement.

Explain the factors that contribute to the recognition of a group according to research.

Interdependence, social interaction, perception of a group, and commonality of purpose.

How do groups influence individual decision-making processes?

Groups influence individual decision-making processes through phenomena like groupthink, group shift, and deindividuation.

What is the concept of compliance in social psychology?

<p>Compliance refers to individuals changing their behavior due to a request or directive from another person or group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define group behavior in the context of social psychology.

<p>Group behavior refers to the ways people behave in large- or small-group situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the theory behind why group dynamics can lead individuals to take on more extreme views.

<p>Individuals feel supported by the group and thus more comfortable taking on extreme views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between obedience, compliance, and conformity in human behavior.

<p>Obedience is following explicit instructions from an authority figure, compliance is influenced by peers, and conformity is matching the majority's behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What prompted psychologists to investigate human obedience after the Second World War and the Holocaust?

<p>The Holocaust and the extermination of millions of people led psychologists to study human obedience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of Stanley Milgram's 1963 experiment on obedience to authority figures?

<p>Stanley Milgram focused on studying obedience to authority figures in his experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did early attempts to explain the Holocaust shift the focus to the phenomenon of human obedience?

<p>Early explanations focused on German culture, but later shifted to the surprising obedience of humans to authority.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can the prestige of an experimenter influence levels of obedience?

<p>Experimenter's prestige can affect levels of obedience, with more prestigious authority figures eliciting more obedience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does expertise play in decision-making during a crisis?

<p>Lack of expertise may lead individuals to defer decision-making to the group and its hierarchy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does deindividuation relate to obedience?

<p>Deindividuation leads individuals to view themselves as instruments for carrying out others' wishes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between compliance and obedience in social psychology.

<p>Compliance is acquiescence in response to a peer's request, while obedience is influenced by authority figures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social influence play a role in compliance?

<p>Social influence, through words, actions, or presence of others, can impact an individual's decision to comply.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does group strength influence compliance?

<p>The more important the group is to an individual, the more likely the individual is to comply with social influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of immediacy in compliance.

<p>Immediacy refers to the proximity of the group to the individual, which makes the individual more likely to comply with group pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of people in a group affect compliance?

<p>Compliance increases as the number of people in a group increases, but the influence of adding people starts to decrease as the group gets larger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does similarity play in compliance?

<p>Perceived shared characteristics cause an individual to be more likely to comply with a request, especially when the shared feature is perceived as unplanned and rare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Give an example of how immediacy can impact compliance.

<p>Compliance with parents' wishes is more likely if they live in the same city than if they live in another state or country.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is favoritism in a group setting?

<p>Positive prejudice towards other group members and discriminating in their favor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how group influence can impact individual behavior positively.

<p>Group influence can be useful in work settings, team sports, and political activism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is groupthink and how does it affect decision-making within a group?

<p>Groupthink is a phenomenon where the desire for harmony or conformity leads to incorrect decision-making outcomes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what situation does groupthink typically occur?

<p>Groupthink occurs when group members focus on making quick decisions to maintain harmony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen when group members strive for unanimity in decision-making?

<p>Group members may overlook alternative ideas or viewpoints in their quest for consensus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the conditions necessary for groupthink to occur?

<p>Isolation from outside influences, loyalty preventing controversial issues, loss of individual creativity and independent thinking, illusion of invulnerability, lack of impartial leader</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is Nazi Germany often cited as an example of the negative potential of groupthink?

<p>Shared illusions, rationalizations, lack of individual accountability, allowing powerful leaders to enlist 'normal' people in committing mass acts of violence</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is group shift and how does it affect decision-making in a group?

<p>Phenomenon where individual positions shift towards more extreme positions in a group; shared risk makes individual risk seem less, leading to riskier decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social influence impact the decision-making process in a group?

<p>Social influence can lead to conformity, compliance, and obedience within a group, affecting decision-making by influencing individual behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does immediacy play in social psychology and group dynamics?

<p>Immediacy refers to the degree of directness, closeness, and intensity in social interactions; it can impact the effectiveness of communication, influence, and relationships within a group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the results of the Stanford prison experiment?

<p>Participants adapted to their roles beyond expectations, with guards subjecting prisoners to psychological and physical torture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Milgram and Zimbardo conclude factors influencing obedience?

<p>They concluded that proximity to the authority figure plays a significant role in obedience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Milgram experiment, where was the experimenter located in relation to the participant?

<p>The experimenter was in the same room as the participant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the participants in the shock experiment demonstrate by administering harmful shocks?

<p>The participants showed willingness to obey an authority figure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the guards behave in the Stanford prison experiment?

<p>The guards enforced authoritarian measures and subjected prisoners to psychological and physical torture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the prisoners do in response to the guards' abuse in the Stanford prison experiment?

<p>Many prisoners passively accepted abuse and even harassed others on the guards' request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were some of the harmful actions observed in the Stanford prison experiment?

<p>Psychological and physical torture of prisoners by the guards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the participants in the shock experiment respond when the confederate ceased to respond?

<p>26 out of 40 participants still administered the full shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Milgram and Zimbardo's experiments demonstrate about human behavior?

<p>The influence of authority figures and social situations on behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did participants in the Stanford prison experiment exceed the experimenter's expectations?

<p>They adapted to their roles by enforcing authoritarian measures and subjecting fellow participants to abuse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the foot-in-the-door technique and give an example.

<p>The foot-in-the-door technique involves starting with a small request before making a larger one. For example, asking someone to sign a petition before asking for a donation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the door-in-the-face technique and provide a scenario.

<p>The door-in-the-face technique begins with a large request that is expected to be rejected, followed by a more reasonable request. For instance, asking for a $1000 loan and then reducing it to $100.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the low-ball technique and how does it work?

<p>The low-ball technique involves initially getting someone to agree to a low cost before increasing it later. It works by creating a sense of commitment due to the initial agreement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how social influence impacts compliance in a group setting.

<p>Social influence in a group can lead to compliance through factors like conformity, authority, and group norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the role of immediacy in social psychology and its influence on compliance.

<p>Immediacy refers to the urgency or closeness of a request. It can impact compliance by creating a sense of pressure or importance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of proximity to the authority figure in the Milgram experiment on obedience?

<p>Proximity indicates physical closeness; the closer the authority figure is, the more obedience is demonstrated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the participants in the Stanford prison experiment demonstrate exceeding the experimenter's expectations?

<p>The guards enforced authoritarian measures and subjected some prisoners to psychological and physical torture, which was beyond what the experimenters had anticipated.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the impact of group strength on compliance.

<p>Group strength can influence compliance by increasing the pressure to conform and obey the group norms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does immediacy play a role in social psychology and group dynamics?

<p>Immediacy in social psychology refers to physical or emotional closeness, which can increase the influence of social factors on an individual's behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors did Milgram and Zimbardo conclude influence obedience?

<p>Milgram and Zimbardo concluded that factors like proximity to the authority figure and the strength of the group can significantly influence obedience.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does group strength influence compliance?

<p>Group strength influences compliance by creating a sense of unity and increasing the pressure to conform to the group's expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the relationship between deindividuation and obedience.

<p>Deindividuation contributes to obedience by causing individuals to see themselves as instruments for carrying out others' wishes, thus diminishing their sense of personal responsibility for their actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does immediacy impact compliance in social psychology?

<p>Immediacy influences compliance by creating a sense of urgency or pressure to respond quickly to a request or command.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the factors influencing compliance in social psychology.

<p>Factors influencing compliance in social psychology include authority figures, group pressure, social norms, and the degree of personal responsibility felt by individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does social influence play a role in compliance?

<p>Social influence affects compliance by leveraging the words, actions, or mere presence of others to sway an individual's decision to comply with a request.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of the Milgram experiment on obedience to authority figures.

<p>The Milgram experiment demonstrated the strong influence of authority figures on individuals, showing that many people are willing to obey orders to harm others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does group strength influence compliance in social psychology?

<p>Group strength refers to the cohesion and power of a group, which can increase compliance as individuals are more likely to conform to the group's norms and expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does immediacy play in social psychology and group dynamics?

<p>Immediacy in social psychology refers to the closeness or proximity of individuals, which can enhance social influence and strengthen group dynamics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how social influence impacts the decision-making process in a group.

<p>Social influence can shape group decisions by affecting individual opinions, attitudes, and behaviors based on the influence of others within the group.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some factors that influence compliance in social psychology?

<p>Factors such as authority, group dynamics, social norms, and the presence of peers can influence compliance levels in individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how the factor of immediacy influences compliance in social psychology.

<p>Immediacy refers to the proximity of the group to an individual, with compliance increasing when the group is closer and made up of people the individual cares about.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the concept of group strength impact compliance in social psychology?

<p>Group strength influences compliance by making individuals more likely to comply with social influence if the group is more important to them.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Discuss the role of the number of people in a group on compliance according to social psychology.

<p>Compliance increases as the number of people in a group increases, but the influence of adding people decreases as the group gets larger.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does similarity contribute to compliance in social psychology?

<p>Similarity causes individuals to be more likely to comply with a request, especially when perceived shared characteristics are present.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the significance of social influence in studying compliance within social psychology.

<p>Social influence plays a crucial role in compliance research, as it examines overt and subtle influences that impact an individual's compliance with group pressures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some common reasons why people join groups?

<p>Membership satisfaction needs, companionship, survival and security, affiliation status, power and control, and achievement.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the factors that contribute to the recognition of a group according to research.

<p>Interdependence, social interaction, perception of a group, commonality of purpose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does group behavior influence individual decision-making processes?

<p>Group behavior can influence individual decision-making through phenomena like groupthink, group shift, and deindividuation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the conditions necessary for groupthink to occur?

<p>High group cohesiveness, isolation from dissenting viewpoints, directive leadership, and time pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the concept of immediacy in compliance.

<p>Immediacy in compliance refers to responding quickly to a request or command without much delay.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does deindividuation relate to obedience?

<p>Deindividuation can lead to decreased self-awareness and accountability, making individuals more likely to engage in behaviors they wouldn't do alone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does similarity play in compliance?

<p>Similarity can increase compliance as individuals are more likely to comply with requests from those they perceive as similar to themselves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how group influence can impact individual behavior positively.

<p>Group influence can positively impact individual behavior by providing support, encouragement, and shared goals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can happen when group members strive for unanimity in decision-making?

<p>Striving for unanimity can lead to groupthink, where dissenting opinions are suppressed in favor of conformity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the number of people in a group affect compliance?

<p>In larger groups, compliance may increase due to diffusion of responsibility and social influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory explains why group dynamics can lead individuals to take on more extreme views?

<p>Group polarization theory suggests that group discussions tend to strengthen individuals' initial leanings, leading to more extreme views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the conditions that needed to be met for the Milgram experiment to end?

<p>The experiment ended if the participant gave the maximum 450-volt shock three times in a row.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Milgram's senior-level psychology students hypothesize the behavior of participants in the experiment?

<p>They hypothesized that only a very small fraction (1%) of participants would administer the maximum voltage shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the confederate play in the Milgram experiment?

<p>The confederate pretended to be a volunteer and was part of the experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did participants respond if they expressed a desire to halt the experiment during the Milgram study?

<p>They were verbally encouraged to continue by the researcher.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of participants who administered the full 450-volt shock in Milgram's first set of experiments?

<p>65% of participants administered the full 450-volt shock.</p> Signup and view all the answers

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