Neoplasia 2

Neoplasia is a result of an abnormality involving:

Unlimited ______ is the hallmark of neoplasia

Neoplasia results from ______ changes in the ____ of tumor cells. (Type whole response)

Abnormalities in genes controlling which of the following could result in a neoplasm developing?

Neoplasms often have mutations that result in what four things? (HINT: DIES)

What are the three types of cell death linked with increased cell survival?

Cellular senescence occurs when proliferating cells undergo permanent arrest in which phase of the cell cycle?

What key tumor suppressor pathways mediate cellular senescence?

How do tumor cells escape senescence and achieve immortality?

Autophagy is a process in which cells:

What role does autophagy play in tumor survival?

Many cancer cells become resistant to apoptosis due to:

What is the primary consequence of defective DNA repair mechanisms in cells?

What is the function of a proto-oncogene?

What is an oncogene?

What are the primary products of oncogenes?

How do oncoproteins contribute to cancer development?

What does the proto-oncogene ckit encode, and what is its normal function?

How does a mutation in the ckit proto-oncogene contribute to cancer development?

Tumor suppressor genes regulate cell proliferation by acting as “___” on the ______, inhibiting cell proliferation when necessary

Why are mutations in tumor suppressor genes typically recessive?

Why is p53 often referred to as the "guardian of the genome"?

P53 mutations are most common in domestic animals

What are the normal triggers for apoptosis? (Hint: four discussed in lecture)

Benign and malignant cells are great at evading apoptosis equally.

The overexpression of ____ reduces apoptosis.

What effect does overexpression of Bcl-2 have on cells?

Proto-oncogenes encode proteins that function to stimulate ________, inhibit __________ and halt ______ (Type out whole sentence)

The product of the gene MYC is a transcription factor that promotes the cell cycle. MYC is normally active in dividing cells. MYC is an example of:

Oncogene exhibit (increased/decreased) production of these proteins , leading to (increased/decreased) cell division, (increase/decrease) cell differentiation and inhibition of ____

Why do traditional cancer treatments such as cytotoxic drugs and radiation therapy cause significant side effects?

How does whole genome sequencing (WGS) contribute to cancer treatment?

What is a key advantage of modern individualized cancer therapy compared to traditional treatments?

Malignant tumors do not respect _______

What is a prerequisite for metastasis?

Which of the following is NOT a key step in cancer cell invasion?

In order for invasive cells to penetrate the basement membrane and extracellular matrix, what proteins must they use to achieve this?

What must invading cells to in order to successfully promote metastasis?

The loosening of cell junctions involve the decreased expression of _____, a transmembrane adhesion protein that is calcium dependent

How does EMT (Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition) contribute to cancer metastasis?

Which protein is commonly expressed de novo as epithelial cells undergo EMT?

What is the significance of lymphovascular invasion (LVI) in cancer progression?

Why is lymphovascular invasion (LVI) considered a criterion of malignancy?

What are the three ways neoplasms spread?

Hematogenous spread involves invasion of arteries rather than veins