Neoplasia Quiz
37 Questions
3 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What do neoplasms or tumors refer to?

  • Abnormal masses of tissue with controlled growth
  • Controlled cellular division resulting in regular tissue
  • Normal tissue that has multiple functions
  • Abnormal masses of tissue that grow autonomously (correct)

    • Which type of damage is central to the process of carcinogenesis?

  • Lethal genetic damage
  • Cellular apoptosis
  • Reversible genetic alterations
  • Nonlethal genetic damage (correct)

    • What are tumors said to be in terms of cellular origin?

  • Monoclonal (correct)
  • Polyclonal
  • Biphasic
  • Multifactorial

    • What type of regulatory genes are primarily targeted by genetic damage in tumors?

    <p>Growth-regulating genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a neoplasm develop?

    <p>Due to acquired or inherited genetic mutations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do macrophages play in tissue remodeling?

    <p>They secrete growth factors and proteases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of anaplasia in malignant tumors?

    <p>Pleomorphism and hyperchromasia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) on tumor cells?

    <p>Enhanced migration and invasion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a feature of malignant cells?

    <p>Increased apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tumor cells interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM)?

    <p>Through direct cell-to-cell contact and cytokines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which growth factor is associated with angiogenesis that is secreted by macrophages?

    <p>PDGF</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hyperchromasia in tumor cells indicate?

    <p>Increased nuclear size and staining intensity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of macrophages secreting VEGF during tissue remodeling?

    <p>Promotion of new blood vessel formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to normal cells after they divide a certain number of times?

    <p>They enter a permanent state of growth arrest or die.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the alteration in cancer cells regarding cell proliferation?

    <p>They never stop to proliferate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor affecting cell death in cancer cells?

    <p>Decreased apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect do alterations in growth factor receptors have on cancer cells?

    <p>They can result in increased or decreased cell response.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of angiogenesis in tumors?

    <p>To supply oxygen and nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to mononuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells (M-MDSC) in low-oxygen regions of solid tumors?

    <p>They differentiate into tumor-associated macrophages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two basic components of all neoplasms?

    <p>Neoplastic cells and Reactive Stroma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is not typically associated with cancer cell proliferation?

    <p>Increased apoptosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which suffix is commonly used to denote benign tumors?

    <p>-oma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about benign tumors is true?

    <p>Local surgical removal is typically possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do cancer cells typically modify their growth control mechanisms?

    <p>By increasing or modifying growth control proteins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is characteristic of malignant tumors?

    <p>They can metastasize to distant sites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of tumor cell shows variable size and shape?

    <p>Malignant tumor cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are benign tumors typically diagnosed?

    <p>By examining the tumor's structure and appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does dysplasia refer to in the context of tumors?

    <p>An abnormality in the size, shape, or organization of cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the structural differentiation of malignant tumors generally described?

    <p>Widely variable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neoplasm is characterized by a well-defined capsule?

    <p>Benign tumors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a benign germ cell tumor?

    <p>Mature cystic teratoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What feature distinguishes invasive ductal carcinoma from fibroadenoma upon gross examination?

    <p>Stony hard on palpation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a hamartoma?

    <p>A disorganized mass of normal tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of choristoma?

    <p>Ectopic normal tissue in a foreign location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which benign tumor of the breast is typically encapsulated?

    <p>Fibroadenoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure is NOT typical of a cystic teratoma?

    <p>Ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neoplasm is characterized as malignant and arises from epithelial tissues?

    <p>Carcinoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Neoplasia Overview

    • Neoplasia refers to abnormal tissue growth that is autonomous and exceeds normal growth patterns.
    • Tumors represent "cell division without control," indicating uncontrolled cell proliferation.

    Tumor Development

    • Neoplasms arise from acquired mutations in a single cell, creating a clonal progeny.
    • Carcinogenesis is driven by nonlethal genetic damage, which can be extrinsic (environmental agents like chemicals, radiation, viruses) or intrinsic (inherited mutations).
    • Key regulatory gene targets include:
      • Proto-oncogenes (growth-promoting)
      • Tumor suppressor genes (growth-inhibiting)
      • Apoptosis-regulating genes
      • DNA repair genes

    Monoclonality of Tumors

    • Tumors are monoclonal, meaning all cells originate from a single transformed cell.
    • Clonal growth results from division of one genetically altered cell.

    Differences Between Neoplastic and Normal Cells

    • Neoplastic cells exhibit alterations in:
      • Growth control mechanisms
      • Proliferation rates
      • Cell death processes, leading to decreased apoptosis
    • Tumor cells have modified interactions with neighboring cells (cell-cell) and the extracellular matrix (cell-stroma).

    Growth Control in Tumors

    • Normal cells undergo a limited number of divisions before entering growth arrest; cancer cells continue proliferating indefinitely.
    • Increased cell proliferation often results from accelerated cell cycle progression and altered life spans.

    Angiogenesis

    • Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood vessels from pre-existing vessels, critical for tumor growth.
    • It ensures a supply of oxygen and nutrients, facilitates waste removal, and enables metastasis.
    • Mononuclear myeloid-derived suppressor cells can differentiate into macrophages that promote angiogenesis through growth factor secretion (e.g., VEGF, PDGF).

    Cellular Interactions

    • Tumor cells interact with the extracellular matrix and mesenchymal stem cells, influencing:
      • Migration, invasion, and dissemination of tumor cells.
      • The release of cytokines and growth factors supports tumor progression.

    Tumor Differentiation

    • Differentiation describes how closely neoplastic cells resemble their normal counterparts.
    • Anaplasia indicates a loss of differentiation in malignant tumors, marked by:
      • Pleomorphism (variation in cell size and shape)
      • Increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio
      • Hyperchromatic nuclei
      • Abnormal mitosis
      • Loss of cell polarity

    Tumor Classification

    • Tumors are classified based on biological behavior and morphological characteristics into:
      • Benign tumors (localized, non-invasive, well-defined)
      • Malignant tumors (aggressive, invasive, capable of metastasis)

    Benign Tumors

    • Benign tumors display:
      • Minimal nuclear variation
      • Organized structure
      • Retained functional specialization
    • Named using the suffix “-oma” based on cell type (e.g., fibroma, lipoma).

    Malignant Tumors

    • Malignant tumors, referred to as cancers, present:
      • Marked nuclear variation and pleomorphism
      • Invasiveness and potential to metastasize

    Types of Neoplasms

    • Neoplasms can be malignant or benign and include:
      • Epithelial tumors
      • Connective tissue tumors
      • Lymphoid/hematopoietic tumors
      • Germ cell tumors

    Additional Tumor Classifications

    • Hamartoma: disorganized tissue formation or tumor-like lesion.
    • Choristoma: normal tissue located ectopically (e.g., pancreatic tissue in stomach wall).

    Nomenclature Examples

    • Colonic polyps classified as adenoma.
    • Fibroadenoma in breast tumors presents as encapsulated, well defined.
    • Invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast shows infiltrative growth without a capsule.

    Key Histological Features

    • Benign tumors retain organization and specialization.
    • Malignant tumors disrupt organization and show extensive structural changes.

    Conclusion

    • Understanding neoplasia is vital for recognizing tumor behavior, characteristics, and implications for treatment and prognosis.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Related Documents

    Neoplasm PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricacies of neoplasia and tumor formation in this quiz. Understand how various mutations affect cellular growth and lead to autonomous tissue mass development. Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of tumor development and genetic damage.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser