Understanding Nationalism and Ethnic Identity

Nationalism

• Nationalism derives its force from the "demonstration effect" of successful examples and internal ethnic community resources, perceptions, and sentiments.
• Identity is situational.
• Understanding ethnic nationalism requires focusing on the collective level of identity and community.

The Ethnie or Ethnic Community

• Ethnie defined: a named human population sharing ancestry myths, memories, cultural elements, a historic territory/homeland link, and solidarity.
• Names are vital for self/other-identification and as expressive symbols of collective identity/personality.
• A collective identity needs a proper name to have a recognizable sense of community.
• A common ancestry belief or myth, not genetic heritage, is important.
• Ethnicity is about common origin myths and beliefs, not blood or genes.
• Historical memories, ethno-historical memories of collectivity, are sources of moral inspiration to members.
• Shared culture includes dress, food, music, crafts, architecture, laws, customs, and institutions.
• The most common shared elements are language and religion.
• Attachment to a territory, specifically its symbolic nature, is crucial; ethnicity requires a sense of attachment to a land and a desire to return to its "sacred centers."
• Solidarity: not all ethnie members feel equally connected, requiring distinguishing ethnic categories from ethnic communities.
• Ethnic categories are culturally distinct (usually linguistic) groups recognized by outsiders but lacking a strong sense of common ethnicity.
• Ethnic communities, despite scattered membership, maintain a sense of belonging to an all-embracing ethnie, such as diaspora Chinese, Armenian, Greek, and Jewish communities.
• Distinguishing between ethnic categories and ethnic communities helps understand ethnic nationalism's dynamics.
• Nationalists aim to transform ethnic categories into ethnic communities and ethnic communities into ethnic nations.
• Conditions for ethnie formation differ between pre-modern and modern eras.
• Pre-modern times favored ethnic crystallization through territory acquisition/loss and struggle with enemies.
• Prolonged warfare mobilized people and created community
• Religion was vital for communication specialists, record-keeping, and generating continuity rituals and traditions
• Ethnic durability and survival depended on the rise and power of “ethnic chosenness".
• In the modern era, state activities, secular intelligentsia, and examples of other ethnies are factors, in addition to homeland, warfare, and religion
• Mass civic education and ethnic nationalism ideologies have been potent.
• Mass education stirred ethnic identity among populations categorized as different by the majority.
• Intellectual activities are important.
• Ethnic nationalism sees the nation as a genealogical and vernacular cultural community, contrasting with territorial and civic nationalism, which emphasize shared culture, laws, and citizenship.
• Ethnic nationalism builds the nation on pre-existing ethnic ties; it does not always require a revolution like civic nations.
• Ethnic nationalism changes how ethnic members see themselves, leading them to assert themselves and shape their collective destiny.
• Vernacular mobilization involves ethnic intellectuals rediscovering indigenous traditions
• The "cultural politicization" of vernacular heritage occurs when ethnic nationalism transforms ethnie into a would-be nation, making its cultural heritage a political asset.
• "Ethnic purification" returns to popular, vernacular culture for political ends, emphasizing culture's sanctity.
• The culture must be preserved, guarded against outside influences, unadulterated, and purified.

Imagined Communities

• Since WWII, revolutions have defined themselves nationally, grounding themselves in territorial and social spaces inherited from the past.
• "Old nations" are challenged by internal "sub"-nationalisms.
• Nation-ness is politically legitimate today.
• Nationalism is viewed as paradoxical due to the objective modernity of nations vs. subjective antiquity, formal universality of nationality vs. concrete manifestations, and nationalism's political power vs. philosophical poverty/incoherence.
• A nation is defined as an imagined, limited, sovereign, and communal political entity.
• It is imagined because members will never meet or know most fellow members, but they share a mental image of communion.
• Nationalism invents nations without self-consciousness.
• Nations are imagined as limited with finite boundaries.
• Nations are imagined as sovereign.
• A nation is imagined as a community with deep, horizontal comradeship.

Arab, Palestinian, & Jewish National Movements in the 19th Century

• The chapter examines the birth of the Arab national movement, the Palestinian national movement, and Zionism.
• Late 19th-century Europe's nationalism rise set the background of that.
• National feelings rose in the Middle East against the Ottoman rule and the injection of Western powers.
• The Industrial Revolution, especially the printing press, revived Arabic for Pan-Arabism.
• By 1908, there were about 15 Palestinian newspapers.
• Nationalism in Europe inspired Arab nationalism in Beirut, Damascus, and Cairo by the end of the 19th century.
• Nationalism in Eastern Europe was associated to anti-Semitism, giving new power toward the "Jewish question".
• Developments included the Ottoman decline, the rise of Middle East nationalism, the British Mandate, Jewish immigration, and Arab-Jewish conflicts.
• These also include efforts to resolve conflicts through diplomacy and develop state institutions, also to solve the conflict in Palestine through partition.

The Rise of Arab Nationalism

• The mid-19th century was centered on British industrial and naval power.
• The international system had three decaying empires- the Ottoman, the Russian, and the Austro-Hungarian, and four industrializing modern powers: Britain, Germany, France, and Italy
• The U.S. & Japan gained power by the century's turn.
• Jewish and Arab self-realization took shape in this order.
• The 1798 French invasion of Egypt marked an emerging milestones.
• It also brought the printing press, reviving Arabic and Islam's rediscovery.
• Most of the “Arab world” fell under European colonial influence but were legally under the Ottoman Empire.
• Emerging Arab nations had two influences: a decaying Islamic empire and modernizers from Europe.
• These influences put Arabs under different colonizations.
• Resistance was inspired against the Ottomans and European colonizers, enhanced by education, press, and awareness of Arab history and underdevelopment.
• The Arab Nahdha (renaissance) first occurred in Egypt under Muhammad Ali Pasha and later in Lebanon and Greater Syria.
• Arabs gained knowledge via later literary and scientific societies.
• Arab Nahdha had three forms of nationalism.
  • Arab Nationalism stressed unifying cultural/historical ties.
  • Separate Nationalism developed in each Arab country because colonial powers created borders.
  • Islamic Nationalism with the Umma used communication and education for self-identity.

Palestinian Society at the Turn of the Century

• Ottoman rule lasted from the late Middle Ages until 1917, although Palestine was occupied by Muhammed Ali & Ibrahim Pasha from 1831-41.
• There was no political entity named “Palestine” in the 19th century, but Arabs between the Mediterranean and the Jordan River had distinct traits to the Syrians and Egyptians.
• A distinct identity showed in the 20th century's second decade.
• Key formative event was the 1834 revolt against conscription and taxation.
• A Greater Syria movement still had support in the early 20th century.
• The occupation of Palestin by Egypt started the integration of that economy.
• Egyptians reformed commerce, eased transactions, and eased rules.
• But soon, the Ottoman sultan regained control thru Ibrahim Pasha and an Ottoman decree, which was aided by England
• Edicts in 1856 and 1858 codified land ownership
• Arab and British ties helped Palestinians invest in cash crops for Europe.
• Farmers relied on absentee landowners outside Palestine.
• Palestinian farmers paid landowners rent and shares
• Land purchased from landowners let Zionists have access.
• External ties helped make sure Palestinians wouldn't just react to Zionism.

The Rise of Zionism

• Zionist history started with violence against in Europe.
• In 1881, violence against Jewish people in Ukraine and Russia happened.
• Many Jews wanted to leave, but some wanted to relocate to Palestine
• Emigration to Palestine occurred mostly to Jaffa and Jerusalem along with Jewish settlements.
• The Dreyful Affair brought Theodore Herzl to despair about the "Jewish question" in Europe
• Dreyfus was accused of giving away military secrets
• Herzl thought the affair was a show of anti-Semitism.
• He wanted a Jewish state.
• Some leaders wanted Uganda or Argentina for Jewish colonization.
• Herzl's flag design symbolized a seven-hour workday and coexistence.
• the First Aliyah had of Russian and Yemeni citizens
• The Second Aliyah had a group with impact that had socialist views and collective settlements
• the Third Aliyah had new immigrants sparked by continued pogroms
• The Fourth Aliyah was the outcome of anti-Semitic policies and strict quotas from other countries
• They consisted of middle-class families and capital that fueled the community in Palestine
• The Fifth Aliyah consisted of those in Europe due to the Nazis
• Largely contained German Jews of a skilled background.
• When these waves began, Palestine was 96% Arab, 4% Jewish.
• WWI impacted Zionists and some areas suffered famine and disease
• Foreign subjects had to leave.
• Britain was provided strategic assistance through different things
• Members from the Yishuv made a network to help defeat the Ottomans for Britain
• Zionists volunteered to join fights
• Dr. Chaim and his effective mode of production was greatly significant to England

Palestinian Identity

• Palestinian identity is complex, best understood by the sequence of other histories and narratives.
• Palestinian face intense competing loyalties.
• Palestinians never had any independence
• A sovereign space has never been given, so they haven't been able to take advantage of state mechanisms that promote culture.
• Palestinians have developed a national identity but haven't gotten independence
• Interplay of many historic narratives reveal the identity of these people.
• Palestine's narratives, which are Jewish, Muslim and Palestinian - involve around Jerusalem
• conflicting claims is symbolized by unremitting struggles to the naming of Jerusalem
• Process of naming privileges an idea over the others, which has the ultimate aim of blotting everyone out.
• Seeking validation can be seen in archaeology
• The process privileges a stratum over others, but they depend that the strum is is "supeior".
• Senses of identity in the Palestinians exist but are misunderstood.
• Palestinian identity has elements that go away and emerge.
• Foci of identity changed in the late-20's and 30's.
• Arab nationalistm and associated ties suffered defeats through the hands of the French and Damascus
• Britain had a hold on Palestine, wherin rights were pledged for those of a population but not mentioned for the group that had the majority
• They want to maintain an independent politic in opposition
• Matching against the growing Zionist movement challenged others in their homeland and their existence.
• Zionism was used to provoke emergence
• External powers included US and Britain and they took Palestinians as a threat to intersts

The 1917 Balfour Declaration

• The Balfour Declaration and the League of Nations Mandate excluded rights
• They were considered communities, not given an identity.
• Palestinians were denied self-determination and the UK opted for Zionism.
• They ensured it as their main responsibility by creating a home for Jewish people
• Except for a time after the 1939 White Paper, UK has remained dutiful to their approach to 1947-48.
• A consistent policy was used even tough administrations varied.
• Obstacles obstructed Palestinians from their resistance Zionist movement
• Effective independent existence was being achieved for them.
• Social structures had internal factors which contributed to that
• As said, the opposition had to taken with Britiian to account
• From what happened after 1918-48, Palestine has shown less will to unify agaisnt those that oppose.

Additional points on Palestine

• Government hindered Palestinians when compared to their Arab neighbors
• Political power had Jerusalem had little economic development than Arab areas
• Decisiveness and WWII weakened them.
• Mid 60's led them back to the political map when a middle class head emerged, eclipsing leaders that failed in the period.
  • It is hard to trace a sense of where the identity first went
• Development of consciousness existed with familiar and other forms of identification
• This identity has roots from before nationalism
• Considerable evidence in Palestinians gives sovereign rts from 20th.

Zionism as a National Liberation Movement

• Others consider Jews in exile.
• The link in Palestine does not change their life.
• They might pay often but they did migrate often there
• There are reasons why it became active in 19th century after being passive.
• The society of 19th and 20th centuries that was becoming religious would become a source of the past
• Discrimination and anti-semitic feelings existed before
• Jews went somewhere other than Palestine
• Pointed to it in persecution and emigration.
• The 19th was the peak through any aspect.
  • It presented itself to all: Jews were unable to find reasons in their framework.
  • Secularization and enligtenment changed how non-Jews thought Jews were
• Status determined could not be religious Muslims and Chrisitians
• French impacted this
• It was about that this was now citizens that there created a completely new set of problems for a certain group based on legitimazed and separate discrimination
• Schools became religion was of importance because they could be excused for that
• They had more dilemmas that France gave
• Here, new dilemmas presented themselves to Jews
• Even religious was not to fix since nationalism related to origins
• The founders were not from any religion but the society has uprooted themselves from backgrounds
• Acquiring a new self respect.

Optional: (T) The Israel-Arab Reader

• Focus of the document:
  • This talks about the question is social than religious
• Desire for an unattainable peace
• Focus on on oppression
• Talked about assimilation and intermarriage

Arab & Jewish Communities in Palestine under the British Mandate

• WWI did not allow the progress of the movement
• Britain saw Zionist forces help get rid of Ottoman power.
• There was a variety of contradictory actions to support the collapse.
• Sharif Hussein bin Eli promised that they would facilitate independent rule of whatever state .
• Sir Henrey and Sharif went to the exchange of these actions.
• Abdulla wants acknowledgement from Cillica and requested access
• Acaliphstate wants approcal for establishment.
• McMahon took over everything overall.

Points on Arab and Israeli Relations

• France sought control over areas like Syria
• Britain had its eyes on Jordan and areas of Palestine.
• Minister Horatio and Britain talked over an Arab state.
• Britain and Acre had control.
• James wrote to Lord Rothschild.
• The Letter announced for the best for creating a home for the Jewish.
• Some things shall not be done as prejudices or religion in the right place and the rights will stay.
• Arab and Jewish relations
• Relations through the 2nd half stayed neutral when Arab came through
• These happened through these workers
• The workers had to come through leaving
• The people started to protest the action
• Some actions had to be done to support landowners.
• This was followed by Israel as they defused their actions and tensions.
• Chaim helped Zion get in order with what was going on.
• They could help give that power to the state's needs.
• Hejaz felt that this can help the British settle their own problems and states.
• The positivity went to the state and the people
• These were implemented to moderate what had to be done
• Faisal spoke on the British way, securing the way in Palestine

Additional institution building

• 1920s sparked the foundation for institution building, and what they wanted to become.
• There became a second place.
• Then gurion helped.
• Palestine had help formed.

Additional information on the Arab Congress

• In turned it helped
• The congress made help and recigniton from the other authorities.
• Congress was to call Palestinian leaders elected by other parliamants.
• A figure helped: - Amin

Other Arab and Israeli Points

• rise to power had resulted in 1946 and let wave to Emigrating to Palestine
• It wanted demanded British supports for Zionist supports and actions
• An agreement set the stage in two states, one for Jewish and Arab
• The agreement merged Jordan under Abd.
• Britain would get these points to rule.
• The Commisison wants transfers.
• The states are going to reach homogeneous levels.
• All aspects rejects his proposal, accusations were stated.
• There was a rethinking of everything.

British Arabic Relations

• A government made sure they reject the peel proposal
• START WWII PAGE 24
• • the McMahon letter.

British Policy toward Palestine

• A documentary
• A documentary by Promises and Betrayals

Inter-communal Conflict during the British Mandate

Partition points and Additional Notes

• Morris helped make the Refugee. -UN General gave resolution to the Palestine that was in Israel

Additional war actions

• Israel was to be used and abused during the fighting of other actions.
• It helped show how the policies would have been in the use of power.
• This peace talks about the leaders
• It analyzes these aspects and reasons
• This mentions the tenets of concept and that it is the a servant

More info on Palestine

• Laid down by David
• Many states that these points are correct
• People agree these actions
• The society has the the regional views and the environment.
• They have seen what has happened.
• In regards to The Arabs: Hostile is a key emotion and word behind everything that is going on
• To fight these struggles will prove a major point in those times
• Israel needs to be able to survive both
• People should not depend on a single factor.
• They must survive.

Additonal War Information

• This discusses how the war can prove hard to be and the reasons behind it all.
• wall created hope for an end.
• Factors are at a certain point.
• Do all of these factor will come the viability and prospenty as a democratic ?
• Why have come to settle in Israel so that will see what will happens to thouse being driven ?
• This will show the security that is emerging
• Some of the tenets

Additional Military Advice

• Israel must be big at the range
• hardware and have the weapons will be major in doing that and hardware society needs to be armed and ready
• There needs to the a offensive stance
• The actions that are had cannot fight Aimed to be short
• This can prove that they are not able to fight
• They need to find one and find peace

Some of this will depend on these factors:

• Social and economic factors
• Geography
• Community
• It needs to get a Military
• It cannot keep its action limited

Action and alliance will have a factor too

• Security needs principles and that come with principles and that are being looked at too
• The tenants of the actions should go to a coherent and stable action or that
• Has a document in motion

Regional and International Factors, and Egypt

• It is a part time period but there may be a part that will focus on the war,
• into France will have a high to show the fact
• The sides were being played
• The Arab had all and all
• The system became a set.

Cold War and International

• The intensity meant to make sure
• It saw it as very one-sided.
• Middleeast becomes the best version to be as there are more parts to be here in the making and people being involved.
• This show the Middleeast.

Egyptian Power

• The stability has been showed and it became the main reason for everything here
• It was created for that reason to show and the pressure from what was going on it
• The US and soviet had these actions for the union
• They made to back and defend it
• The powers were now used to these action.
• They gave all the right powers to work
• Egypt ended up falling but what was did was a strong show
• He has three specific point
• These actions brought the final state.
• Rebuliding factors
• And colonialism Britian was now out by the the actions