Nationalism: Fascism & Nazism
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Questions and Answers

What does Civic Nationalism primarily emphasize?

  • Ethnic homogeneity and tradition
  • Freedom, democracy, and civility (correct)
  • Historical claims to territories
  • Cultural unity and heritage

Which of the following best describes Ethnic Nationalism?

  • Centers around culture, language, and lineage (correct)
  • Seeks to promote international cooperation and unity
  • Emphasizes legal and constitutional frameworks
  • Focuses on political ideologies and institutions

What is an example of a manifestation of nationalism?

  • Censorship of foreign media (correct)
  • Promotion of global trade
  • Relaxation of immigration laws
  • Encouragement of multiculturalism

Irredentism involves which of the following?

<p>Claiming territory based on historical ownership (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a consequence of nationalism?

<p>Oppression of minority groups (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key tension between nationalism and liberalism?

<p>Liberalism seeks to enhance individual rights while nationalism emphasizes state power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one key tenet of feminism as defined by Lorraine Code?

<p>Understanding power structures that disadvantage women. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wave of feminism is characterized by the focus on women being recognized as fully human and holders of rights?

<p>First Wave (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the ideological spectrum of feminism include?

<p>Environmental and postmodern feminist theories. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In feminist philosophy, what is a primary assumption about equal rights for women?

<p>Women will achieve equality through legal recognition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the shift in women's roles during World War II?

<p>Women took over jobs from men but were required to give them up after the war. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does patriarchy primarily denote in the context of feminism?

<p>A societal framework that prioritizes men's power over women's. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major social movement characterized the Second Wave of feminism in the late 1960s?

<p>Advocacy for equal pay and reproductive rights. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key issue was addressed by Agnes Macphail beyond becoming the first woman elected to Parliament?

<p>Prison reform and advocacy for the Elizabeth Fry Society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the philosophical approach that prioritizes human interests in environmental discourse?

<p>Anthropocentrism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of conservationism in environmental practices?

<p>To manage natural resources for human benefit while ensuring environmental protection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept advocates for the intrinsic moral worth of nature, independent of its usefulness to humans?

<p>Deep Ecology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following practices is likely a key component of human welfare ecology as described in the content?

<p>Addressing the negative impacts of pesticides on wildlife and environment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the intended outcome of initiatives like the US Yellowstone Park Act and Canada's Banff National Park establishment?

<p>To promote the sustainable use of natural resources alongside ecological protection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with climate change effects?

<p>Increased biodiversity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the information, where did the greatest number of premature deaths from air pollution occur?

<p>South-East Asia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept does Garrett Hardin's 'Tragedy of the Commons' primarily illustrate?

<p>Lack of protection for common spaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does sustainable development emphasize according to the content provided?

<p>Balancing present needs with future generations' needs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has been cited as significantly contributing to global warming?

<p>Deforestation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one major critique of classical liberal economic assumptions mentioned in the context?

<p>They ignore environmental impacts. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which entity provided the report stating the global temperature rise and its implications?

<p>NASA (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of free market environmentalism focuses on solving which core issue?

<p>Assigning ownership and responsibility for resources (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does extreme weather connect to climate change?

<p>It reflects the influence of human activities on climate. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of populism according to its definition?

<p>Empowering the people against elite influence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leader is most associated with right-wing populism in the United States?

<p>Donald Trump (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What political movement in Canada is linked with populism following World War I?

<p>United Farmers Association (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies the populism movement's criticism?

<p>Opposition to elite groups and interests (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of populism is reflected in its direct democratic mechanisms?

<p>Mechanisms like referendums and citizen initiatives (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common theme is shared among various populist leaders mentioned?

<p>Critique against immigration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following ideologies is positioned opposite to populism on the ideological spectrum?

<p>Fascism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant power of the President concerning legislative recommendations?

<p>The power to recommend legislative proposals to Congress (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which constraint affects the Prime Minister's effectiveness in governance?

<p>Confidence of the House of Commons (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following powers does the President NOT possess?

<p>Power to call an election (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the President's duties serves as a check on their power?

<p>Veto power that can be overridden by Congress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the construction of checks and balances play in the position of the President?

<p>It ensures that the President cannot unilaterally govern without legislative cooperation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major power does Congress hold that is restricted for the President?

<p>Authority to declare war (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of electoral college votes a candidate needs to win the presidency?

<p>270 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often are presidential elections held in the United States?

<p>Every 4 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum number of years a U.S. president can serve?

<p>8 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows a Prime Minister to be removed in the parliamentary system?

<p>Vote of confidence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the U.S. House of Representatives is accurate?

<p>Members are elected for 2-year terms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required for the Senate to convict a president in an impeachment trial?

<p>2/3 supermajority (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of U.S. elections, what term describes elections occurring between presidential elections?

<p>Midterm elections (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of electoral college votes in the United States?

<p>538 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which system of government does the executive have control over the legislative branch in a majority government scenario?

<p>Parliamentary System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the election process for a President?

<p>Involves a series of state-by-state nomination races (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a requirement for a Prime Minister to remain in power within a parliamentary system?

<p>Maintaining the confidence of the House (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following systems is characterized by checks and balances between branches of government?

<p>Presidential System (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a parliamentary system, how does a leader become the Prime Minister?

<p>By gaining leadership within their party (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'fusion of powers' imply in a parliamentary system?

<p>The executive branch derives authority from the legislative body (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How often do presidential elections occur?

<p>Every four years (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary aspect differentiates presidential elections from parliamentary elections?

<p>The method of electing the leader (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of forming a minority government in a parliamentary system?

<p>Frequent calls for new elections due to lack of confidence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is essential for a liberal/constitutional democracy to function effectively?

<p>Equality of political rights for all citizens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of liberal/constitutional democracy, what does the term 'tyranny of the majority' refer to?

<p>A situation where the majority enforces its will on the minority (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of political participation is emphasized in liberal/constitutional democracies?

<p>Engagement of all eligible citizens in the political process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between liberalism and democracy in a constitutional context?

<p>Liberalism protects individual freedoms while promoting self-government. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant limitation historically concerning the right to vote in liberal democracies?

<p>Voting rights were initially restricted to propertied white males. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which problem is often associated with liberal/constitutional democracy?

<p>Potential for individual rights to be overridden by majority rule (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one challenge to achieving equality of political rights in liberal/constitutional democracies?

<p>Societal norms that favor certain groups over others (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the central characteristics of liberal/constitutional democracy that emphasizes citizen involvement?

<p>Voluntary engagement in the democratic process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do constitutional constraints benefit a liberal democracy?

<p>They prevent arbitrary use of power by the majority. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ensures the protection of individual rights in liberal/constitutional democracies?

<p>Constitutional rights are enforced through law. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental condition for ensuring the legitimacy of democratic elections?

<p>Regular and frequent elections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which electoral system does the winning candidate need to receive more votes than any other candidate in a district?

<p>First Past the Post (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes autocratic elections as opposed to democratic ones?

<p>Voters primarily ratify candidates selected by the government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of electoral system categorized under democratic systems?

<p>Supermajority consensus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which essential condition for democratic elections involves the ability for different political parties to operate freely?

<p>Political freedom (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one significant consequence of insufficient voter participation in autocratic elections?

<p>Potential penalties for absentees (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by universal adult suffrage in the context of democratic elections?

<p>All adults allowed to vote regardless of status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electoral system allows voters to rank their preferences on the ballot?

<p>Alternative/preferential vote system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which voting method requires a majority in the first round, but if not achieved, leads to a second round with only the top two candidates?

<p>Majority run-off system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In majority-plurality systems, what is the requirement for the second ballot?

<p>Only a plurality is required (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can occur in an election with more than two candidates in terms of vote distribution and seats?

<p>A party will receive fewer votes and still obtain a higher number of seats. (A), A party may receive a majority of seats with less than a majority of votes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies the issue of underrepresentation in majority electoral systems?

<p>Parties like the NDP facing challenges due to geographically spread support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue arises from the structure of majority voting systems?

<p>It can lead to a distorted representation where popular vote does not equate to seats. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In electoral systems, what is a consequence of thinly spread votes for certain parties?

<p>These parties often remain underrepresented despite a substantial share of the vote. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can a landslide victory impact seat distribution in electoral results?

<p>Minor adjustments in vote percentage can lead to drastic changes in seat counts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'winner take all' imply in the context of electoral systems?

<p>The candidate with the majority of votes claims all the available seats in a district. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes totalitarianism in a governance context?

<p>Complete control over almost all aspects of life (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately describes traditional authoritarianism?

<p>Power is exercised with predictable constraints based on economic direction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common feature of hybrid autocratic systems?

<p>Use of electoral fraud and legal maneuvers to maintain control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of authoritarianism is characterized by strong military involvement?

<p>Military authoritarianism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is generally associated with authoritarian regimes?

<p>Diminished political pluralism and limited opposition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes totalitarianism from authoritarianism?

<p>Involvement of mass manipulation for total societal control (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do traditional authoritarian regimes typically come to power?

<p>Often through military coups or political coercion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best reflects right-wing authoritarianism?

<p>Emphasis on maintaining the status quo and traditional values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do business groups and labor unions play in traditional authoritarian regimes?

<p>Their activities are tolerated as long as they don’t oppose government initiatives. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of totalitarianism as described in the content?

<p>A one-party state that seeks to eradicate all traditional institutions. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is typically present in transformational authoritarian regimes?

<p>Political recruitment aimed at fostering ideological conformity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does police control play in totalitarianism?

<p>It reinforces power through terroristic methods and manipulation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of economic planning is common in totalitarian regimes?

<p>Central control of the economy, often marred by corruption. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do totalitarian regimes typically handle elections?

<p>They enforce participation but offer no real electoral choice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the strategy of 'statism' in authoritarian regimes?

<p>Exercising government control over certain industries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In traditional authoritarianism, what is a common pattern regarding military involvement?

<p>Military serves as a tool for intimidation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of transformational authoritarianism?

<p>Ideological conformity and centralized planning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is commonly associated with the reforms under authoritarian regimes like that of the Shah in Iran?

<p>Specialized economic modernization through education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the likely outcome of the limited political mobilization seen in traditional authoritarian regimes?

<p>Prevention of political instability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines the 'official ideology' within transformational authoritarian regimes?

<p>Conformity with a socialist or Islamist agenda (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following exemplifies the military's political role in authoritarian regimes?

<p>Using force to manage dissent and maintain order (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor often limits the transformative goals of authoritarian regimes?

<p>Practical limitations encountered in execution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant feature of the economic strategies employed by authoritarian regimes?

<p>Centralized economic planning mechanisms (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do political parties primarily play in maintaining government accountability in a democratic system?

<p>Facilitate feedback and communication between citizens and government (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes a mass party?

<p>A party that relies on a broad base of dues-paying members and has a strong organization (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In political party systems, which type of system allows multiple political parties to compete for power?

<p>Multi-party system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary role of political parties?

<p>Conducting legislative proposals without party involvement (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes interest groups from political parties?

<p>Interest groups primarily engage in influencing specific policies rather than running candidates (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes self-interest groups from public interest groups?

<p>Self-interest groups prioritize members' needs over broader goals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical of institutional interest groups?

<p>Lashed to only informal volunteer networks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has the influence of interest groups increased in recent times?

<p>Advancements in technology aiding communication and organization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an associational interest group?

<p>The Canadian Medical Association representing physicians. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily characterizes issue-oriented or spontaneous interest groups?

<p>They arise in response to specific, often short-term issues. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines a cadre party in terms of its organizational structure and focus?

<p>A loosely organized party focused on electing legislative members with local support. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is typical of pragmatic/electoral-professional parties?

<p>They prioritize winning elections over strict adherence to ideological principles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes programmatic/ideological parties from pragmatic parties?

<p>Their policies are primarily based on ideological principles rather than electoral gains. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of political party seeks to directly implement policies rather than just influence governments?

<p>Interest parties (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of personalistic parties?

<p>They focus on a single leader, often lacking a cohesive party structure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes brokerage parties?

<p>They seek broad compromises to accommodate various interests to win majorities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do programmatic/ideological and interest parties differ in their electoral strategy?

<p>Programmatic parties offer clear ideological options, while interest parties focus on specific policies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic best defines a movement party?

<p>It aims for profound societal transformation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best exemplifies a one-party system?

<p>Communist Party in the USSR. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key feature of two-party systems?

<p>Two primary parties competing, often with minor parties existing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes a one-party-dominant system?

<p>Multiple parties compete but one consistently wins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a multi-party system from other party systems?

<p>There are three or more parties vying for power. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are majority governments difficult to achieve in multi-party systems?

<p>Parties must often form coalitions to obtain a majority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following criticisms is commonly directed at political parties?

<p>They tend to exclude lower-income voters and marginalized groups. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example best illustrates a party that advocated for fundamental social change?

<p>Indian National Congress. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common trait of parties in a two-party plus system?

<p>Several minor parties alongside the two major parties. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome of the coalition-building in multi-party systems?

<p>Frequent changes in government may occur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes guerrilla violence?

<p>Mobile operations that use hit and run tactics in familiar terrain. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a defining feature of counter-insurgency operations?

<p>Blending military action with political reforms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of terrorism involves individuals acting independently while adopting the goals of a larger group?

<p>Lone wolf terrorism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes spontaneous violence from other forms of political violence?

<p>It is unplanned and often undesired. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of political violence?

<p>Strict adherence to laws and regulations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of terrorism as a form of political violence?

<p>To instill fear and coerce policy changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of revolutions, what is a common underlying cause?

<p>Widespread social discontent and demands for change. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term refers to the government strategy of addressing both repression and reform in response to an insurgency?

<p>Counter-insurgency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes civil disobedience from other forms of protest?

<p>It highlights specific injustices while accepting punishment by authorities. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the political dynamics of protesters in unconventional conflict?

<p>They often consist of like-minded groups connected online. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do opportunity structures influence political protests?

<p>They create chances for movements to expand or withdraw. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the nature of political conflict as defined in the context?

<p>It typically arises between groups and the state regarding government actions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does violence play in groups like alt-right and Antifa?

<p>It is a central element of their strategy to achieve radical aims. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT typical of political protests?

<p>Bureaucratic processes followed by recognized political parties. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does transnational political protest differ from local movements?

<p>It connects various movements across different countries. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common goal of protest movements as described?

<p>To create significant change by mobilizing marginalized groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying factor often leads to the emergence of protests?

<p>Opposition to government actions or failures. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of the powers of 'Peace, Order and Good Government' (POGG)?

<p>It provides a framework for federal intervention in domestic matters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way can local representation function as a check on government power?

<p>By ensuring federal officials are directly accountable to local populations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of federalism addresses both legal and practical checks on government power?

<p>Political practice versus constitutional design (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does James Madison's Federalist 10 play in the context of government checks?

<p>It emphasizes the dangers of factionalism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a unitary system of government?

<p>A structure in which the central government retains ultimate authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement characterizes federal systems of government?

<p>Regional governments possess powers enshrined in a constitution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the continuum of centralization, which term is used to describe the arrangement where no central government exists?

<p>Confederation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes a federal state from a unitary state?

<p>A constitution that guarantees powers to regional governments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a common challenge associated with federalism?

<p>Conflicts between federal and state legislation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism allows for the transfer of powers from the central to regional governments in a unitary system?

<p>Administrative devolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the concept of sovereignty in a federal context?

<p>Both the central and regional governments share sovereignty. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term best describes a system of governance characterized by a lack of central authority?

<p>Confederation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does a federal system enhance governance?

<p>By providing checks against the concentration of power. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of local government in a unitary system?

<p>Local authorities operate under the direct control of the central government. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which power is NOT explicitly listed under section 92 of the Canadian Constitution?

<p>Currency and coinage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does P.O.G.G stand for in the context of Canadian federalism?

<p>Peace, Order, and Good Government (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the federal government and provinces in Canada?

<p>There are checks and balances between federal and provincial powers. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which government system is characterized by a single, sovereign government controlling all aspects of the country?

<p>Unitary System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the complexities of federalism in Canada is true?

<p>Provincial rights have often been asserted against federal authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a federal system, how is sovereignty distributed?

<p>Sovereignty is divided between the central and regional governments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the process wherein power is transferred to regional governments within a unitary system?

<p>Devolution (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable governmental practice that can act as a check on provincial powers in Canada?

<p>Federal disallowance of provincial laws (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is characteristic of a unitary government as opposed to a federal system?

<p>The central government exercises supreme authority over all territory. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe the arrangement where sovereignty is shared between the central government and several regional governments?

<p>Federalism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of government systems, what is a key distinction between federal and unitary states?

<p>Federal states consist of multiple sovereign regions under a central authority. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a confederation in contrast to federalism?

<p>A confederation consists of sovereign states with limited central authority. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the implication of 'devolution' in a government system?

<p>The redistribution of powers to lower levels of government. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'continuum of centralization' represent in the context of government systems?

<p>The range from complete centralization to total decentralization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary reason for the decline in voting turnout?

<p>Apathy and a sense that voting won't make a difference (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic is generally less likely to vote unless effectively motivated?

<p>Young people (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process is not typically associated with political socialization?

<p>Formal political campaigns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does media sensationalism on political issues typically have?

<p>Drives audience interest through negative coverage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is least likely to affect political participation?

<p>Physical fitness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key component of volunteering in political participation?

<p>Supporting social movements (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of state education can influence political culture?

<p>Providing civics education about the political system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In terms of political participation, how is the impact of age generally characterized?

<p>Younger individuals are more engaged with interest groups (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant barrier to political participation mentioned in the context?

<p>Complexity of voting procedures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common issue do many political leaders face in relation to the system?

<p>Failure to raise sufficient funds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of political culture in a political community?

<p>To establish fundamental political values and beliefs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a parochial political culture?

<p>Low awareness and little to no participation in politics (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is indicative of civic political culture?

<p>A mix of participant and subject roles in politics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT serve as a basis for political cultures and sub-cultures?

<p>Social media usage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has political efficacy generally trended in recent years?

<p>It has generally decreased, signaling less confidence in government (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of political culture is most likely to foster high levels of civic engagement?

<p>Participant political culture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contribute to an individual's political socialization?

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In terms of political participation, what does a subject political culture indicate?

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Which group is least likely to contribute to the evolution of political culture?

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Which of the following statements best describes political culture's impact on citizens?

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Flashcards

Nationalism

An ideology that prioritizes loyalty and devotion to the nation-state above all else, emphasizing national identity and self-determination.

Ethnic Nationalism

A type of nationalism that emphasizes the shared language, culture, and history of a nation, often associated with racial identity and exclusion.

Civic Nationalism

A type of nationalism that focuses on the principles and values of a nation's government, such as freedom, democracy, and civil rights.

Irredenitism

The belief that a nation has a right to claim territory that it historically controlled, even if it's currently held by another state.

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Imperialism

A powerful nation imposing its control over neighboring countries, often through military force or economic dominance.

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National Self-Determination

The concept that nations should have the right to govern themselves, free from foreign interference. This ideology often fuels movements for independence and self-determination, like the French Revolution and the decolonization of countries such as India and Vietnam.

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Decolonization

The process by which colonies gain independence from their imperial rulers. This happened in the aftermath of World War II, with countries like India, Congo, and Vietnam gaining their independence.

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The Role of the UN

After World War II, the United Nations was established to promote world peace and support the idea of nation-states. This legitimized the concept of independent countries governed by their own people.

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Nationalism and Liberalism

A political ideology emphasizing individual rights, freedoms, and limited government intervention. While often associated with national independence movements, liberalism can be in tension with nationalism, especially virulent nationalism associated with totalitarian regimes.

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First Wave Feminism

The movement advocating for women's political rights, including the right to vote, run for office, serve on juries, and own property.

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The Famous Five

A group of five Canadian women who challenged the legal definition of "person" in the 1920s.

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The Persons Case

The landmark legal case that granted women the right to be appointed to the Canadian Senate.

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Agnes Macphail

The first woman elected to the Canadian Parliament in 1921.

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Second Wave Feminism

The period of feminist activism that emerged in the late 1960s and 1970s, focusing on achieving equality in areas like the workplace, family law, and reproductive rights.

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Liberal Feminism

A type of feminism that advocates for women's rights on the basis of equality with men. It focuses on achieving equal rights, opportunities, and freedoms for women, often through legal and social reforms.

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Radical Feminism

A branch of feminism that critiques the inherent power structures of society, seeing patriarchy as a root cause of women's oppression. It emphasizes the need for radical social change to dismantle these structures and create a more equitable society.

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Ecofeminism

A feminist perspective that incorporates environmental concerns, arguing that environmental degradation is linked to patriarchal systems of domination. It seeks to address both gender and environmental injustices.

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Postmodern Feminism

A feminist perspective that acknowledges the diversity of women's experiences and challenges, including race, class, sexuality, and disability. It emphasizes the intersectionality of these factors in shaping women's lives.

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Environmentalism

A political and ethical movement focused on improving and protecting the natural environment by reducing harmful human activities.

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Biocentrism

A belief system that emphasizes the intrinsic value of all living things, rather than focusing solely on human interests.

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Deep Ecology

A branch of environmentalism that emphasizes the interconnectedness of all living things and the importance of preserving ecosystems for their own sake.

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Conservationism

The management of natural resources for human benefit, considering both present and future generations.

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Human Welfare Ecology

A field that examines the impact of environmental degradation on human health and well-being.

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Air pollution

The deterioration of air quality due to pollutants released into the atmosphere, often from human activities like industrial emissions and transportation.

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Carcinogens

Substances that cause cancer.

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Ozone layer

A layer in the Earth's stratosphere that protects us from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun.

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Waste

The disposal and management of unwanted materials, including industrial waste, garbage, and hazardous materials.

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Nuclear radiation

Radiation emitted from radioactive materials, such as nuclear weapons or waste, which can harm living organisms.

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Overpopulation

The state of having a large population in a given area, which can put strain on resources and the environment.

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Climate Change

Long-term changes in global weather patterns, including rising temperatures, changes in precipitation, and sea-level rise.

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Biodiversity

The variety of life on Earth, including plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms.

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Tragedy of the Commons

A situation where individuals acting in their own self-interest deplete or degrade shared resources, ultimately harming everyone.

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Sustainable development

Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

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What is Populism?

A political approach that seeks to empower ordinary people against perceived elites who control institutions and society, often through direct democratic mechanisms and anti-establishment rhetoric.

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Populism on the Spectrum

Populism can be found on both the left and right of the political spectrum, encompassing diverse ideologies like socialism, libertarianism, and fascism.

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Donald Trump's Populism

A right-wing populist who campaigned on promises to 'drain the swamp' and challenge political and media elites. His policies focused on anti-immigrant sentiment, protectionist trade, and nationalistic rhetoric.

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Bernie Sanders' Populism

A left-wing populist who advocated for social justice, economic equality, and a more involved government in addressing social issues. He challenged corporate greed and inequality, resonating with working-class voters.

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United Farmers of Alberta (UFA)

A Canadian movement that arose after World War I, representing the interests of farmers who felt marginalized by eastern elites and banks. They advocated for greater government support for agriculture.

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Social Credit Party

A political party that emerged in Alberta in the 1930s, advocating for social welfare programs and challenging the influence of banks and corporations. They championed the needs of ordinary people.

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Cooperative Commonwealth Federation (CCF)

A Canadian political party that arose in the 1930s, advocating for social democracy. They called for government intervention in the economy to improve social welfare and economic security.

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Canadian Reform Party (Later Alliance Party)

The Reform Party, later known as the Canadian Alliance Party, championed populist ideals like limited government, individual liberty, and challenging political and social elites. They often used rhetoric that resonated with disaffected voters.

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Direct Democracy in Populism

Political movements that often use direct democratic mechanisms like referendums, citizen initiatives, and recalls to bypass established institutions and grant more power to the people.

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Nationalism in Populism

Populist leaders often use nationalist rhetoric and demonize 'outsiders' like immigrants or foreign influences, promoting a sense of national identity and unity against perceived threats.

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Presidential Veto Power

The power held by the President of the United States to reject bills passed by Congress.

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Loss of Confidence in the House of Commons

A situation where a Prime Minister loses the confidence of the majority of members in the House of Commons, leading to a potential election or change in government.

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State of the Union Address

The President's annual address to Congress outlining the state of the nation and proposing legislative priorities.

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Presidential Appointment Power

The President appoints key figures in the government, including Cabinet members, Supreme Court justices, and ambassadors, but these appointments require Senate approval.

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Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces

The President acts as the head of the armed forces, responsible for national defense.

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Power to Grant Pardons

The President has the authority to pardon individuals convicted of federal crimes.

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Parliamentary System

A political system characterized by a fusion of legislative and executive powers, where the executive (Prime Minister and cabinet) is drawn from and accountable to the legislature (Parliament).

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Presidential System

A political system featuring a separation of powers between the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the executive (President) elected independently of the legislature.

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Selection of the Prime Minister

In a parliamentary system, the Prime Minister is chosen as the leader of the party that wins the most seats in a general election. They must maintain the confidence of the House of Commons in order to remain in power.

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Selection of the President

In a presidential system, the President is elected through a multi-stage process, involving party primaries or caucus conventions to choose a nominee and a general election to elect the president.

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Separation of Powers

The principle that different branches of government (legislative, executive, judicial) have distinct powers and responsibilities, preventing any one branch from becoming too powerful. Helps ensure balance and checks.

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Shared Powers

The concept that different branches of government have overlapping powers, allowing them to influence and hold each other accountable. Promotes collaboration and cooperation.

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Checks and Balances

A mechanism designed to prevent any one branch of government from becoming too powerful. Includes checks and balances between the branches.

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Removal in a Parliamentary System

In a parliamentary system, the Prime Minister and cabinet are accountable to the legislature and can be removed through a vote of no confidence.

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Removal in a Presidential System

A system where the executive branch (President) can be removed by impeachment, a formal process by which a legislature can charge, try, and remove a public official from office.

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US Presidential Election Process

The process of electing a president that includes both direct voting by the people and an indirect vote by electors chosen by each state.

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Electoral College

The body of electors from each state that ultimately determines the winner of the US presidential election.

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538 Electoral Votes

The total number of electoral votes in the US presidential election, representing the combined votes of all states and the District of Columbia.

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Winner-Take-All System

The method used by 48 states to award their electoral votes, where the candidate who wins the popular vote in the state gets all of its electoral votes.

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Midterm Election

A type of election held in years when no presidential election occurs. It involves voting for members of the US House of Representatives and a portion of the US Senate.

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Impeachment Process

The process by which a US official, such as the president, can be removed from office for wrongdoing. It involves a two-step process: impeachment by the House of Representatives and a trial by the Senate.

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Two-Term Limit for US President

The maximum number of terms a US president can serve, totaling eight years.

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Prime Minister

The chief executive in the UK's parliamentary system, leading the government and appointed by the monarch.

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Vote of Confidence

A vote in which members of parliament express their confidence in the government. A failure to gain a majority can lead to the resignation of the Prime Minister.

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Prime Minister Appointing Cabinet

The ability of the Prime Minister to appoint, dismiss, and change the members of their cabinet. This is a major power in the UK's system.

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Liberal/Constitutional Democracy

A system that combines democratic principles like majority rule with liberal values protecting individual rights and freedoms, creating a framework where people govern themselves within constitutional limitations.

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Equality of Political Rights

The concept that all citizens have equal voting rights, including the right to be elected to office and serve on juries, regardless of their background.

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Majority Rule

The principle that the decision of the majority prevails, but it must be exercised within the boundaries of the constitution and respect for individual rights.

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Political Participation

The right of citizens to participate in the political process, including voting in elections, running for office, and engaging in political activism.

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Political Freedom

The freedoms guaranteed to individuals within a liberal/constitutional democracy, such as freedom of speech, assembly, religion, and the press.

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Tyranny of the Majority

The potential for the majority to suppress the rights of minorities, creating a tyranny of the majority, which can lead to oppression.

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Conformism

The tendency for individuals in societies to conform to majority opinions and values, potentially reducing diversity of thought and stifling dissent.

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Not Rule of the Best

Liberal/Constitutional Democracy focuses on rule by the people, not necessarily rule by the most competent or knowledgeable people.

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Individualism

The belief that individuals are the primary units of society, and their rights and freedoms should be protected.

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Equality before the Law

The idea that everyone is equal before the law, regardless of their background, status, or beliefs.

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Elections: Purpose

Elections allow citizens to choose their leaders peacefully and predictably. They also provide a way to hold leaders accountable and build democratic legitimacy when they are free and fair.

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Democratic Elections

Democratic elections are free and fair, with a choice of candidates and voters having enough information to make informed choices.

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Autocratic Elections

Autocratic elections are designed to mobilize support for the government and are superficial. Voters are encouraged to ratify candidates chosen by the government.

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First Past the Post (FPP)

First Past the Post (FPP) or Single Member Plurality (SMP) is an electoral system where the candidate with the most votes in a district wins, even if they don't get a majority.

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Proportional Representation

Proportional representation systems aim to allocate seats in parliament based on the percentage of votes each party receives.

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Mixed Electoral Systems

Mixed electoral systems combine elements of both the plurality/majority and proportional representation systems.

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Universal Adult Suffrage

Universal adult suffrage means all adults have the right to vote, regardless of their background or status.

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Majority-Plurality System

A voting system where the candidate with the most votes wins, even if they don't have a majority.

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Alternative / Preferential Vote System

A voting system where voters rank their preferences, and if no candidate gets a majority, the candidate with the fewest votes is eliminated, and their votes are redistributed until someone reaches a majority.

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Majority Run-Off System

A voting system with two rounds. The first round is a standard vote, and if no one gets a majority, the top two candidates go to a second round where one of them will get a majority of votes.

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Disproportionate Shift in Seats

A situation where a party wins a significantly higher number of seats in parliament than their share of the popular vote indicates.

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Landslide Shift in Seats

A situation where a party wins a significantly higher number of seats in parliament than their share of the popular vote would suggest.

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Percentage of Vote

The percentage of votes a party received in an election.

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Number of Seats

The number of seats a party wins in an election.

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Proportional Seats

The number of seats a party should win based on the proportion of votes they received.

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Disproportionate Representation

A political party's representation in a legislature can be disproportionate to its share of the popular vote. This can happen when a party wins a concentrated number of seats in a region, even if they have a lower overall percentage of votes.

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More Votes, Fewer Seats

The phenomenon where a party receives a higher percentage of the vote in one election compared to a previous one, but ends up with fewer seats in parliament. This reflects the uneven nature of FPP systems and their potential to exaggerate the wins and losses of parties.

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Single-Member Plurality (SMP)

An electoral system used in Canada's federal elections, where voters choose one candidate to represent a specific riding. This can result in a situation where the party with the most votes overall doesn't win a majority of seats.

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Landslide Victory

A political party that wins a landslide victory receives a significantly higher number of seats in parliament compared to their share of the popular vote. This illustrates how a party's representation can be inflated in FPP systems when they have a dominant performance in a particular election.

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Underrepresentation of Smaller Parties

Smaller parties often struggle to gain representation in parliament due to the winner-take-all nature of FPP systems. Their votes tend to be spread thinly across different regions, making it difficult to win majority support in individual constituencies.

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Underrepresentation of Minorities

The underrepresentation of minority groups in a legislature due to FPP systems, where it's more challenging for them to secure a majority of votes in individual constituencies.

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Overrepresentation of Parties

A situation where a party's representation in parliament is significantly higher than its share of the popular vote, particularly in elections where they win a landslide victory.

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Traditional Authoritarianism

Limited political mobilization and participation, fearing instability and loss of control. Emphasis on government control of the economy, directing industries and controlling international trade.

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Military Role in Traditional Authoritarianism

Often involving the military to intimidate and control, sometimes transitioning to civilian governance.

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Transformational Authoritarianism

A revolutionary form of authoritarianism focused on rapid societal transformation, often leftist or theocratic, using controlled mobilization, official ideology, and police control.

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Political Pluralism in Transformation Authoritarianism

Restricted political pluralism with emphasis on ideological or religious conformity and nationalism.

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Official Ideology in Transformational Authoritarianism

A cornerstone of transformational authoritarianism, often socialist or Islamist. Aiming for fundamental societal change, but often limited by practical constraints.

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South Korea's Industrialization

South Korea's military regime (1961-88) successfully promoted industrialization in key sectors like automobiles, electronics, steel, shipbuilding, and clothing.

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Focused Reforms in South Korea and Iran

Reforms in South Korea and Iran under the Shah focused on narrow measures like land redistribution and education, primarily to promote economic modernization.

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Land Redistribution

Land redistribution, implemented in South Korea and Iran under the Shah, aimed at improving access to resources and fostering economic development.

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Technical Education for Modernization

Education, particularly emphasizing technical skills, was used in South Korea and Iran under the Shah to create a workforce for economic modernization.

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Statism in Traditional Authoritarianism

Focusing on specific industries and goods, controlling imports and exchange rates to promote national economic development.

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Autocracy

A system of government where a single person or small group holds unlimited power, often associated with tyranny and despotism. It may or may not be highly repressive.

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Authoritarianism

A form of government where authority is held by a single person or party, often without substantial public support. This authority may or may not be based on a free and fair election.

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Totalitarianism

A type of government with strong centralized control over all aspects of its citizens' lives, including their thoughts, beliefs, and actions. It aims for total control using propaganda and suppression of opposition.

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Hybrid Regime

A government that combines elements of both traditional authoritarianism and more modern, ideological approaches. It may maintain power through elections, but with significant limitations on opposition and fairness.

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Modern Authoritarianism

A form of authoritarianism characterized by a strong, centralized government with an explicit ideology aiming to transform society. It often uses propaganda and repression to enforce its agenda.

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Pseudo-Democratic Authoritarianism

A state that combines the features of a modern authoritarian government, including propaganda and ideology, with a more indirect approach to control. It may maintain a facade of democracy, but true political power is held tightly.

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Political Manipulation

A system of government where a ruler seeks to control all aspects of society by manipulating people's emotions, often using nationalist or populist rhetoric. It often involves suppressing opposition and promoting the rule of a single person.

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Social Pluralism

Various groups and organizations operating within a society, such as businesses, unions, and religious institutions. They may be tolerated in authoritarian regimes as long as they don't challenge government authority.

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Pseudo-Democratic Rule

A key feature of totalitarian regimes where elections are staged to appear democratic, but citizens have no real choice or genuine political power. They often use force to ensure participation.

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Control of Communications

A hallmark of totalitarian regimes where the government tightly controls information through media censorship, propaganda, and surveillance to ensure citizens only receive the approved messages.

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Terroristic Police Control

A pattern of rule where leaders deliberately use fear and violence tactics to maintain control, often through secret police agencies, intimidation, and the persecution of anyone deemed a threat.

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Central Control of the Economy

A defining feature of totalitarian regimes where the state dictates all economic activities, including production, distribution, and pricing, using force and strict regulations to eliminate private ownership and free markets.

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What is the role of a political party?

Political parties are organizations that compete to gain or maintain control of government through popular support and elections. They act as a bridge between the people and government, facilitating mass political participation and ensuring government accountability.

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Cadre Party

Cadre parties are characterized by their small, elite membership and a focus on ideology and policy. They rely on a core group of committed individuals to lead and influence government.

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Mass Party

Mass parties aim to mobilize a large, diverse membership through extensive organization and outreach. They focus on appealing to a broad base of support and mobilizing voters for elections.

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One-Party System

A one-party system allows only one political party to exist and hold power. It discourages competition and alternative viewpoints.

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Two-Party System

A two-party system features two dominant political parties that compete for power, while smaller parties may exist but rarely win elections. This system can limit diversity of opinion, but promotes stability and clear choice.

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One-Party Dominant System

A political party that dominates the political landscape, often by controlling government institutions and resources to perpetuate its power.

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Single-Party System

A system where only one political party is legally allowed to exist, limiting political choice and dissent.

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Ideological Party

A political party that is typically formed around a particular ideology or set of beliefs, aiming to influence policy and promote its principles.

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Interest Party

A political party that focuses on representing the interests and concerns of a specific group or region, often with a narrower focus on particular issues.

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Multi-Party System

A political system where three or more political parties compete for power, requiring parties to form coalitions to create governing majorities.

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Parliamentary System: Removing the Executive

A political system where the executive branch is responsible to the legislature and can be removed through a vote of no confidence.

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Presidential System: Removing the Executive

A political system where the executive branch is independent of the legislature and can only be removed through a formal impeachment process.

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Pragmatic/Electoral-Professional Parties

Parties focused on winning elections, using professional experts to connect with voters. They prioritize practicality over ideology, emphasizing solutions and adapting to public opinion.

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Programmatic/Ideological/Interest Parties

Parties emphasizing their program or ideological principles over electoral success. They value consistency in their beliefs and may attract voters who find pragmatic parties too flexible.

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Personal/Personalistic Parties

Parties built around a powerful leader with a weaker organization that follows their lead.

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Brokerage Parties

Parties that seek to compromise and accommodate a range of interests to gain a majority. They aim to attract voters by appealing to different groups.

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Programmatic/Ideological & Interest Parties

Programmatic/Ideological & Interest Parties offer clear choices to voters, intensifying divisions rather than seeking compromise.

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Interest / Advocacy Groups

Organizations that strive to influence government policies on behalf of their members or the public interest.

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Associational Interest Groups

Formal organizations representing the long-term interests of their members, often with representation in provincial or federal capitals.

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Institutional Interest Groups

Formal organizations with established membership, paid staff, and permanent offices, often having close ties to government.

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Issue-Oriented/Spontaneous/Anomic Groups

Groups that form spontaneously in response to specific issues, often lacking formal structure.

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Decline in Political Party Affiliation

The trend of decreasing political party affiliation, which has given rise to the influence of interest groups.

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Populism

Political movements seeking to challenge existing power structures by mobilizing ordinary people against elites, often using direct democratic methods and anti-establishment rhetoric.

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Unconventional Politics

Political conflict that takes place outside of formal institutions like elections and legislatures, often involving protests, civil disobedience, and sometimes violence.

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Civil Disobedience

A form of political action where individuals intentionally break laws believed unjust, accepting punishment to highlight the issue and create pressure for change.

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Citizen Initiatives

A form of direct democracy where citizens propose laws and vote directly on them, bypassing the traditional legislative process.

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Protests

Peaceful protests, often organized, expressing collective opposition to policies, social inequalities, or injustices.

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Insurgency

Political groups that oppose the established order and often employ violent methods such as guerrilla warfare, terrorism, or even revolutions to achieve their aims.

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Boycotts

A political strategy where individuals or groups strategically withhold their participation in economic activities, often to exert pressure or influence.

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Terrorism

The deliberate use of violence targeting civilians or infrastructure with the goal of spreading fear, creating instability, or achieving political aims.

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Revolution

A fundamental shift in the political order of a nation, involving a dramatic change in power structures, often accompanied by widespread violence and social upheaval.

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Nationalist Populism

A type of populism primarily based on nationalist sentiment, emphasizing national unity and promoting policies that prioritize national interests over global cooperation.

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Political Violence

The use of physical force to achieve political goals. It can be carried out by governments, rebel groups, or individuals.

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Regime/Government Violence

A form of political violence where the government uses force to control dissent or impose order.

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Guerrilla Violence

A type of political violence characterized by small, mobile groups using hit-and-run tactics, often operating in familiar terrain with local support.

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Counter-Insurgency

A government's response to an insurgency, blending military and political action. It aims to control guerrillas and address their supporters' grievances.

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Lone Wolf Terrorism

A type of terrorism where perpetrators are not formally connected to a terrorist group but adopt its aims.

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American Revolution

An example of a revolution that occurred in 1776-1783, leading to the independence of the United States from Great Britain.

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French Revolution

An example of a revolution that began in 1789 in France, leading to the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of a republic.

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Haitian Revolution

An example of a revolution that took place in 1791-1804, resulting in the independence of Haiti from French colonial rule.

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Unitary System of Government

A system where a single, sovereign government controls all aspects of the country. Power of administrative divisions involves a transfer of power from the central government.

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Federal System of Government

A system where sovereignty is divided between a central government and several regional / provincial governments. Sovereignty of regional governments is enshrined in the constitution.

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Continuum of Centralization

A concept that describes the different degrees of centralization in political systems. It ranges from decentralized systems with strong regional power to centralized ones with dominant central authority.

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Unitary State

A country with a unitary system of government has one central government with absolute authority.

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Federal State

A country with a federal system of government has a central government and regional governments, each with its own powers.

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Complexities of Federalism

The complexity of federalism comes from the need to balance the powers of the central and regional governments and ensure they don't overstep each other's boundaries.

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Central Government

The level of government responsible for national issues, like defense, foreign policy, and economic policy.

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Regional Government

A level of government present in federal systems, responsible for regional issues, like education, healthcare, and infrastructure.

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Local Government

The level of government responsible for local issues, like garbage collection, parks, and public services.

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Federalism

The division of governmental powers and responsibilities between different levels of government - federal, provincial, and local.

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Explicit Powers

Specific powers listed in the Constitution that belong to the federal government, such as trade, taxation, and defense.

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Residual Powers

Powers not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution but are still considered to be within the jurisdiction of the federal government, like national security and regulating interprovincial trade.

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Peace, Order, and Good Government (POGG)

A constitutional provision that allows the federal government to regulate matters affecting peace, order, and good government within the country, even if these matters are technically under provincial jurisdiction. It provides the federal government with broad powers to address national issues and maintain peace, order, and good government in the country.

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Disallowance

This provision allows the federal government to disallow any provincial legislation it deems to be unconstitutional or harmful to the nation. While theoretically powerful, this power is rarely used.

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Reservation

This provision allows the federal government to reserve any provincial legislation it deems to be unconstitutional or harmful to the nation. While theoretically powerful, this power is rarely used.

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Declaratory power

This provision allows the federal government to declare a provincial law to be unconstitutional even if it is within the province's jurisdiction. However, this power is rarely used.

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Residual Power

A constitutional provision that gives the federal government jurisdiction over matters that are not specifically assigned to the provinces.

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Peace, Order, and Good Government

A constitutional provision that allows the federal government to regulate matters affecting 'peace, order, and good government' within the country, even if these matters are technically under provincial jurisdiction.

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Residual Power

The power of the federal government to take action and regulate matters that are not specifically assigned to the provinces.

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Advantages of Federalism

Allows for greater autonomy and self-governance for regional units, promoting local responsiveness to specific needs and interests.

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Disadvantages of Federalism

Can create complex layers of government and potential conflicts between levels of government.

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Sovereignty of Regional Governments

The regional governments in federal systems have sovereignty enshrined in the constitution, meaning they are not merely administrative subdivisions of the central government.

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Political Socialization

The process by which individuals learn and internalize political values, beliefs, and attitudes, shaping their political understanding and behavior.

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Declining Voter Turnout

A decline in voter turnout, possibly caused by factors like apathy, cynicism, or a feeling that voting won't make a difference.

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Political Culture Distortions

The distortion of political information and public opinion due to factors like biased media coverage, clickbait headlines, and political leaders seeking to manipulate public sentiment.

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Cooperative Political System

A political system that prioritizes cooperation and collaboration, where different political parties work together to reach agreements.

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Mobilization-Centric Political System

A political system that rewards parties and candidates who can effectively mobilize and motivate their supporters.

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Active Political Participation

Political participation that goes beyond voting, encompassing activities like volunteering, joining interest groups, and participating in social movements.

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Negative News Bias

The media's tendency to focus on negative or sensational news, often at the expense of more balanced coverage.

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Political Fundraising

Political leaders using their platforms and resources to raise funds and support for their campaigns or causes.

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Political Engagement

The process of understanding and engaging in the political system.

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Age and Political Participation

The influence of age on political participation, with younger people often being less likely to vote but more likely to engage in other forms of political activism.

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Political Culture

Shared beliefs, values, and attitudes about politics within a society. It shapes political behavior and expectations of government.

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Parochial Political Culture

A type of political culture where citizens have little political awareness and minimal participation.

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Subject Political Culture

A type of political culture where citizens are aware of government but don't actively engage or try to influence it.

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Participant Political Culture

A type of political culture where citizens are politically aware and actively participate in influencing government decisions.

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Political Efficacy

The belief that individuals can impact political decisions and that government is receptive to their demands.

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Electoral Participation

A form of political participation where citizens directly elect their representatives.

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Non-Electoral Participation

A form of political participation where citizens engage in activities beyond voting, such as joining organizations or participating in protests.

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Changing Political Values

The idea that political culture can change over time due to factors like social movements, technological advancements, or economic shifts.

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Study Notes

Nationalism: Fascism & Nazism

  • Nationalism is an ideology where loyalty and devotion to the nation-state surpass other individual or group interests.

What is Nationalism?

  • Civic Nationalism focuses on government character, freedom, democracy, safety, and civility. Examples include the Canadian Constitution, US Declaration of Independence, and Woodrow Wilson's "make the world safe for democracy" concept.
  • Ethnic Nationalism focuses on shared culture, language, racial identity, religion, customs, and history to define a nation. Examples include Albanians, Kurds, and Palestinians.

Manifestations of Nationalism

  • Protectionism vs. perceived threats: Censorship of foreign publications, jamming broadcast signals, restriction of goods (tariffs, quotas).
  • Minority oppression: Suppression, assimilation, expulsion of groups that don't conform to the dominant image or values. Examples include the Uighurs in China and the Rohingya in Myanmar.
  • Tyranny of the majority: Similar to minority oppression, but focuses on the suppression imposed by the majority on dissenting groups.
  • Irredentism: Claim for bordering territory historically associated with the nation. Examples include China's claims to Taiwan and Russia's claims to Crimea and Ukraine.
  • Imperialism: Powerful nations imposing control over neighboring countries. Examples include Germany's actions in Eastern Europe before and after World War 1 and 2, and the creation of multinational empires.
  • National Self-Determination: The right of a people to govern themselves without external interference. This can lead to independence movements and the formation of new states. Examples from the late 1800s and after WWI include the breakup or transformation of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and the emergence of smaller, more homogenous nation-states. Also examples include the break-up of the Soviet Union, and subsequent independence movements by some of its former republics.
  • Nationalism & the State: Institutions, including government, media, sometimes banks, science/scientists, experts, corporate executives, “ivory tower academics”, politicians, “gatekeepers”, “special interests” are all challenged by various types of nationalism.

Timeline of Nationalism

  • After the Peace of Westphalia (1648): French Revolution (1789), emergence of USA’s nationalism (civil religion), 19th-century movements for independence (Czechs, Poles, Serbs etc), Germany's unification (1870), Canadian Confederation (1867).
  • Late 1800 to the end of WWI (1918): Collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, the emergence of smaller, more homogenous states (e.g., Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia), independence movements of Poland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
  • After WWII (decolonization): Countries demanding independence from imperial control (India, Congo, Vietnam); UN establishment and legitimization of nationalism and nation-states. Nationalist reactions (Zionism), and ideologies promoting anti-capitalism/pro-socialism.
  • Nationalism and Liberalism: Revolutions to enhance freedom, rights, and independence (Glorious Revolution, French Revolution, American Revolution, Greek liberation.); tension between liberalism and nationalism's protection of individual rights vs state power.
  • Nationalism and Conservatism: Conservatism values traditions, culture, history, and the nation that embodies these.
  • Nationalism and Communism/Socialism: Marx's rejection of state governments and workers beyond national ties; So-called communist states melding communism with nationalism (e.g., China, North Korea).
  • Nationalism and Fascism: Nationalism’s advocacy of a hierarchy, natural inequality, collective deference to superior leaders/races, opposition to Enlightenment ideas, liberal democracy and communism. Nazism emerged as a virulent form of nationalism, focused on the Aryan/Teutonic “master race”, while persecuting or eliminating inferior races. The Holocaust was a genocide driven by Nazi ideology.
  • Nationalism and Totalitarianism: Common features include an official ideology, one-party state, charismatic leadership, pseudo-democracy, control over communications, terrorist police, and central control of the economy.
  • The Radical Right / Neo-Fascism: Racist policies, promoting the return of "outsiders" to their homelands, white nationalism, revival of fascist elements, anti-immigrant sentiment, populist leaders, and strengthening the nation.

Additional Note

  • "Nationalism is an infantile disease. It is the measles of mankind." - Albert Einstein

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Description

This quiz explores the complex ideologies of nationalism, including civic and ethnic nationalism, and their manifestations in modern society. It examines how nationalism can lead to both the promotion of democratic values and the oppression of minority groups. Test your understanding of these critical concepts and their historical impact.

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