Social Studies 3: Revolution and Nationalism

• Social Science 3 is covering Revolution and Nationalism in the 3rd quarter.

Nationalism Definition

• Nationalism is deep devotion, love, and loyalty to a particular country, especially one's country of origin.
• Nationalism is felt when one cares about their identity as a member of a particular nation.
• Nationalism is felt when one takes actions to seek their country's political sovereignty and power.

Nationalism in the 20th Century

• Civic Nationalism is when national identity is defined by shared civic and political values, meaning all citizens are considered part of the nation.
• An example of Civic Nationalism is The Philippines with its diverse cultures and groups sharing a national identity as “Filipinos” governed by a national government.
• Ethnic Nationalism is defined by ethnic identity including a common language, culture, and ethnic ancestry.
• An example of Ethnic Nationalism is Russia promoting Russian culture.
• Disruptive Nationalism includes people under foreign domination sharing a common aspiration for national independence.
• Revolutions in the Americas, Africa, and Asia against the colonial/imperial governments established by the Europeans are an example of Disruptive Nationalism.
• Aggressive Nationalism includes an act of aggression between two or more nations that differ in ideas resulting in conflicts or war.
• The Alliance system during the two world wars is an example of Aggressive Nationalism.
• Contemporary Nationalism includes any nationalist events after the end of World War II.
• An example of Contemporary Nationalism is the Collapse of the Soviet Union, which resulted in the creation of independent sovereign states.

Effect of Nationalism: Russia

• Tsar/Czar is the title of the ruler of Russia.
• The Romanov Dynasty was the last dynasty of Russia, ruling from 1613 to 1917.
• Alexander III (Tsar from 1881-1894) wanted to wipe out all forms of revolutions and establish a unified Russian culture, resulting in discrimination against other groups.
• Alexander III promoted the Russian language and forbade other languages in schools.
• Pogroms, or "organized violence against Jews," resulted in discrimination and death of many Jews in Russia.
• Nicholas II came to power when Russia faced internal problems, exacerbated by participation in wars that yielded heavy losses.
• Russia was defeated during the Russo-Japanese War and participated in World War I.
• These events heightened growing discontentment towards the czars.

Effect of Nationalism: Russian Revolutions

• The Russian population boomed during the 19th century, but hunger and poverty persisted.
• Internal unrest stemmed from the different wars Russia joined.
• Protests by Russian workers against the monarchy led to the Bloody Sunday Massacre of 1905.
• Many workers died during protests, sparking the Russian Revolution of 1905.
• The February Revolution began on March 8, 1917, when demonstrators clamoring for bread took to the streets of Petrograd accompanied by industrial workers.
• Protesters clashed with police but remained on the streets, resulting in some deaths.
• The Duma, a legislative body, formed a provisional government on March 12.
• Czar Nicholas abdicated the throne a few days later, ending centuries of Russian Romanov rule.
• Leaders of the provisional government, including Alexander Kerensky, established a liberal program of rights.
• The program included freedom of speech, equality before the law, and the right of unions to organize and strike, while opposing violent social revolution.
• As minister of war, Kerensky continued the Russian war effort, exacerbating Russia's food supply problems.
• Unrest continued as peasants looted farms and food riots erupted in the cities.
• The October Revolution occurred on November 6 and 7, 1917, when leftist revolutionaries led by Bolshevik Party leader Vladimir Lenin launched a nearly bloodless coup against the Duma's provisional government.
• Lenin called for a Soviet government ruled directly by councils of soldiers, peasants, and workers.

Effect of Nationalism: Russian Civil War

• Civil War broke out in Russia in late 1917 after the Bolshevik Revolution, between the Red and White Armies.
• The Red Army fought for Lenin's Bolshevik government.
• The White Army represented a large group of loosely allied forces, including monarchists, capitalists, and supporters of democratic socialism.
• The Romanovs were executed by the Bolsheviks on July 16, 1918.
• The Russian Civil War ended in 1923 with Lenin's Red Army claiming victory and establishing the Soviet Union.

Historical Figures Relating to the Russian Revolution

• Karl Marx was a German philosopher whose political and economic ideas influenced revolutionary leaders to seek reforms.

• His concepts of communism prompted changes in Russian politics and economy.

• Marxist revolutionaries believed workers would overthrow the czars and rule the country through "the dictatorship of the proletariat."

• Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov Lenin was the leader of the Bolsheviks, a radical revolutionary group.

• His slogan "Peace, Land, and Bread” attracted many people to support the revolutions against the czars.

• Lenin came to power when Russia was in a devastated condition due to the revolutions and war, and he and his co-revolutionaries planned to revive the economy.

• Lenin crafted the New Economic Policy (NEP) to stabilize the economy which allowed peasants to engage in small scale businesses such as selling crops instead of giving these to the government.

• The NEP encouraged foreign investments, and financial institutions and other major industries remained under government control, but allowed small factories and businesses to operate under private ownership.

• Lenin viewed Nationalism as a threat to unity and party loyalty.

• Lenin and Bolshevik leaders organized self-governing republics supervised by the central government and renamed Russia to the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1922.

• The Bolsheviks Party was renamed the Communist Party, and began their quest for political transformation by creating a constitution based on democratic and socialist ideas.

• The Communist Party became very influential and held all power changing the original goal of achieving a “dictatorship of the proletariat” to a "dictatorship of the Communist Party."

• Joseph Stalin rose to power and became the head of the Communist Party after Lenin's death and name Stalin means "man of steel.”

• Stalin was corrupted by his own greed and became a dictator.

• Through his campaign known as the “Great Purge,” Stalin ordered the execution of those who threatened his power using terror instead of relying on constitutional principles.

• Under Stalin, collectivization of agriculture forced farmers to give their lands to the state.

• Landowners and farmers especially kulaks (class of wealthy farmers) fought for their hard earned properties, but this only resulted to the death of 5-10 million farmers and landowners.

• Stalin's Five-Year Plans included women's involvement in the economy and recognized the vital role of women in the economy, encouraging higher education in math and science.

• Motherhood became an important duty, because they believed that women will provide their nation future generations of valuable citizens.

• By 1950, 75% of Soviet doctors were women.

Effect of Nationalism: China

• Foreign domination grew in China when it was forced to open its ports for foreign trade.
• Because foreigners controlled much of the economy and political decisions, people believed they needed to modernize to counter Westerners.
• With the leadership of Sun Yixian and the Kuomintang (Nationalist Party), they overthrew the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty.
• During World War I, China's support for the Allies was based on the expectation that territories seized by Germany would be returned via the Treaty of Versailles, but they were instead given to Japan.
• This fueled the desire for reforms and political transformation led to the awakening of their sense of nationalism, and a national movement was organized in Beijing called the May Fourth Movement to protest the decision made in the treaty.
• The Nationalist Party's failure to appease the people and assert for their rights intensified the desire to break away from Western democracy, they made Russia their inspiration and wanted to adopt Soviet communism, which led to the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party.
• Mao Zedong, one of the founders, became China's "greatest revolutionary leader."
• The nationalists and the communists had several armed conflicts and struggles, but when Japan invaded China, they temporarily united against their common enemy.

Effect of Nationalism: India

• The movement for India's independence was underway in the late 1800's.
• Indian nationalists postponed their demands when World War I broke out with the promise of greater self-rule, India provided resources and troops to Britain.
• When the war ended, Britain increased India's self-rule in domestic affairs leaving Britain in control of foreign policy and national security.
• Nationalistic feeling grew among Indians.
• Mohandas Gandhi became the leader of the Indian revolution and promoted civil disobedience as a way of protest.
• Eventually, Great Britain granted limited self-rule for Indians, opening the doors for political transformations in India.

Effect of Nationalism: Turkey

• The Ottoman Empire gave up its territories except Turkey after the end of World War I.
• Greece tried to colonize Turkey with the help of Great Britain, but Mustafa Kemal became the commander of the Turkish army.
• Kemal's military intelligence and influence ignited nationalistic feeling, and the Turkish people defeated the Greeks and the British.
• Turkey became a republic and the first Southwest Asia republic.
• Under Kemal's leadership, he respected religious differences and crafted laws that differed from Muslim beliefs.
• Kemal adopted and integrated some European practices, allowed women suffrage and participation in political matters, and spurred economic growth through industrialization programs.

Effect of Nationalism: Persia

• After World War I, Great Britain tried to control Persia, but the people developed a strong sense of nationalism and defended their country.
• When Reza Shah Pahlavi came to power, he modernized the country and changed the name Persia (Greek term) to its traditional and present name, Iran.

Effect of Nationalism: Saudi Arabia

• Abd al-Aziz Ibn Saud, of an Arabian powerful family, started the unification of Arabia in 1902.
• Saud gave the new kingdom a new name, Saudi Arabia after his family.
• He advocated a strong adherence to Islamic traditions and limited modernization to what was acceptable to Islamic beliefs.