Week 4: Tuesday, Sept 19th_Short answer

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Questions and Answers

What are the two main components of bone composition?

The two main components of bone composition are the extracellular matrix and the cells.

What are the two types of bone marrow?

The two types of bone marrow are red and yellow bone marrow.

What is the percentage distribution of cortical and trabecular bone in the skeletal mass?

Cortical bone makes up 75-80% of the skeletal mass, while trabecular bone makes up 20-25%.

What are the two prominent modifiable predictors of peak bone mass?

Physical activity level and nutrient intake (Protein, Ca2+, VitD, Mg2+) Signup and view all the answers

What are the age-independent predictors of bone loss?

Physical inactivity, smoking, high alcohol intake, inadequate nutrient intake Signup and view all the answers

What are the age-related factors that contribute to bone loss?

Sex-hormone decline, decreased production of sex hormones, decreased insulin-like growth factor and growth hormone, increased cytokines, decreased VitD and Ca2+ absorption, impaired osteoblast production from osteogenic stem cells, decreased ability for cells to sense and respond to mechanical forces Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis?

Abnormal curvature of the spine, height decrease, fragility/spontaneous fracture, back pain from compression fractures in the spine Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary risk factors for osteoarthritis?

Age, Genetics, Inflammation, Overuse / Disuse, Overweight: increased mechanical loading stress, Obesity: pro-inflammatory state Signup and view all the answers

What are the signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis?

Pain with movement and weight bearing, Swelling, Limited ROM (stiffness), Crepitus may be heard, Deformity Signup and view all the answers

What is the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis?

Articular cartilage: Structural damage and erosion due to mechanical stress, inflammation, Proteolytic enzymes are released from chondrocytes which further degrades cartilage, Bone becomes exposed and damaged (cracks form), Cysts and osteophytes develop, Pieces of osteophytes and damaged cartilage break off and float around in synovial cavity, Degeneration of articular cartilage leads to friction, damage, inflammation, and pain Signup and view all the answers

What are the recommended exercise interventions for prevention and treatment of osteoarthritis?

Low impact exercise, Flexibility, Strength, Aerobic, Emphasize importance of muscle strengthening exercises, 3 x per week is ideal for experiencing quick effective pain relief, Analgesic benefits seen in just a few weeks, even in >75YO Signup and view all the answers