Week 4 Study Guide Questions
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Questions and Answers

Dry cough is a common sign of viral pneumonia

True (A)

A productive cough is a common sign of viral pneumonia

False (B)

Immunosuppression is a risk factor for active pulmonary tuberculosis

True (A)

What is a risk factor for active pulmonary tuberculosis?

<p>immunosuppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are signs and symptoms of bacterial pneumonia? (Select all that apply)

<p>Productive Cough (A), Infiltrates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organism causes tuberculosis?

<p>mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hallmark feature shows up on x-rays for patients with tuberculosis infection?

<p>Ghon tubercules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which are signs and symptoms of allergic asthma? (Select all that apply)

<p>Inflammation (A), Bronchoconstriction (B), Mucosal edema (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Excessive alpha-1-antitrypsin leads to alveolar destruction

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lack of alpha-1-antitrypsin leads to alveolar destruction

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recurrent infection from chronic bronchitis causes which of the following?

<p>Pulmonary hypertension (B), Airway obstruction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by increased resistance to airflow

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by decreased resistance to airflow

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select all that are true about intrinsic asthma.

<p>Believed to be autoimmune (C), Patient usually does not have a history of allergies (D), Can be caused by infections or psychological issues (A), Is not controlled easily with immunotherapy or environmental control (B), Usually has adult onset (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select all that apply about extrinsic asthma.

<p>Usually has pediatric onset (A), Is mediated by IgE immunoglobulins (B), Can be treated with medication, environmental control, and immunotherapy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A barrel chest is a sign of COPD.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A barrel chest is not a sign of COPD.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of enzymes destroy the alveolar walls in emphysema?

<p>Proteolytic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two types of cells release proteolytic enzymes that cause alveolar destruction in emphysema?

<p>Neutrophils (A), Macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic bronchitis leads to what type of heart-related condition due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance?

<p>Cor pulmonale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select all that apply that are characteristics of asthma.

<p>Airway responsiveness (A), Chronic inflammatory disorder (B), Airway remodeling (C), Genetic susceptibility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select all that apply that are involved in an acute asthma episode.

<p>Bronchoconstriction (A), Mucosal edema (B), Hypersecretion of mucus (C), Hypoxemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select all that apply during an acute asthma episode (Part 2).

<p>Chest tightness (B), Coughing (D), Expiratory wheezing (@), Use of accessory muscles (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Status asthmaticus is life threatening.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Status asthmaticus is not considered a life-threatening emergency.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is found in chronic bronchitis?

<p>Thick mucus (A), Fibrosis (C), Smooth muscle hypertrophy (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic bronchitis presents with a productive cough.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chronic bronchitis presents with a dry cough.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a hallmark sign of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

<p>Hypoxemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two signs are commonly associated with pneumothorax?

<p>Decreased breath sounds (A), Respiratory distress (B), Tracheal shift (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is hypersensitivity pneumonitis caused by inhalation of organic or inorganic substances?

<p>Organic substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pneumothorax is a restrictive respiratory disorder.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Pneumothorax is an obstructive respiratory disorder.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a restrictive respiratory disorder.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is an obstructive respiratory disorder.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Air that enters the pleural space during inspiration but is unable to exit during expiration leads to which of the following conditions?

<p>Tension pneumothorax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Select all that are signs and symptoms of interstitial lung disease.

<p>Loss of alveolar walls (D), Immunological in nature (C), Honeycomb appearance (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are characteristics of sarcoidosis? (Select all that apply)

<p>Granuloma formation (A), Weight Loss (B), Non-productive cough (C), Fatigue (D), Fever (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify which of the following characteristics display pleural effusion.

<p>Tracheal shift (B), Diminished breath sounds (C), Dyspnea (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a risk factor for hypophosphatemia?

<p>Magnesium-aluminum antacids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a risk factor for hypercalcemia?

<p>Hyperparathyroidism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two abnormal conditions lead to increased neuromuscular excitability? (Select all that apply)

<p>Hypocalcemia (A), Hypomagnesemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diarrhea can cause metabolic acidosis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diarrhea can cause metabolic alkalosis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias are manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias are manifestations of moderate to severe hyperkalemia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a cause for hypomagnesemia?

<p>Chronic alcoholism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decreased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can cause hypernatremia.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decreased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) can cause hyponatremia.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify which clinical manifestations are a result of hyponatremia (Select all that apply)

<p>Seizures (B), Confusion (D), Lethargy (A), Coma (@)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Respiratory acidosis includes an increase in carbonic acid.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Respiratory acidosis includes a decrease in carbonic acid.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The kidneys are capable of excreting carbonic acid.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dry Cough (in pneumonia)

A cough without mucus or phlegm production.

Immunosuppression (and TB)

Reduced immune system function, increasing susceptibility to infections.

Bacterial pneumonia signs

Cough that produces sputum and lung infiltrates seen on X-ray.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

The bacterium that causes tuberculosis (TB).

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Ghon Tubercle

A calcified lung lesion seen on X-ray, often a sign of prior TB infection.

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IgE (in Asthma)

An antibody that mediates allergic reactions, including in asthma.

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Bronchoconstriction

Airway narrowing due to muscle constriction.

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Emphysema Cause

Lung disease caused by destruction of alveoli, often due to deficiency.

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Chronic Bronchitis cause

Excessive mucus production in the bronchi, often due to infection.

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Obstructive Pulmonary Disorders

Lung diseases characterized by increased resistance to airflow.

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Emphysema Mechanism

Alveolar wall destruction due to proteolytic enzymes.

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Cor Pulmonale (in Chronic Bronchitis)

Right heart failure due to pulmonary hypertension from lung disease.

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Status Asthmaticus

Life-threatening, prolonged asthma attack unresponsive to usual treatment.

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ARDS Hallmark

Hallmark sign is low blood oxygen levels.

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Tracheal shift

Deviation of the trachea from its normal position. Can be caused by pneumothorax.

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Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis

Lung inflammation caused by inhaling organic dusts or allergens.

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Tension Pneumothorax

Air trapped in the pleural space that cannot escape.

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Honeycomb Lung

Progressive scarring of the lung tissue, often with no identifiable cause as seen in interstitial lung disease.

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Sarcoidosis

Systemic disease with non-caseating granulomas, often affecting the lungs.

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Pleural Effusion Signs

Fluid accumulation in the pleural space.

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Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome Cause

Lack of surfactant in premature infants.

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Antacids & Hypophosphatemia

Magnesium and aluminum can bind phosphate, reducing its absorption.

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Hyperparathyroidism & Hypercalcemia

Excessive parathyroid hormone increases calcium release from bones.

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Hypocalcemia and Hypomagnesemia Effects

Increased nerve and muscle irritability.

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Diarrhea & Metabolic Acidosis

Loss of bicarbonate ions from the body, leading to increased acidity.

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Hypernatremia Sign

Impaired brain function due to high sodium levels.

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Hypokalemia Manifestations

Muscle weakness and irregular heartbeats.

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Alcoholism & Hypomagnesemia

Malnutrition and impaired absorption affect magnesium levels.

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Dehydration & Urine Output

Reduced kidney output due to fluid loss.

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ADH & Hypernatremia

Insufficient ADH leads to excessive water loss, raising sodium concentration.

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Study Notes

Week 4

Chapter 22

  • Dry cough is a common sign of viral pneumonia

  • Immunosuppression is a risk factor for active pulmonary TB

  • Productive cough and parenchymal infiltrates on x-ray are signs/symptoms of bacterial pneumonia

  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the organism that causes TB

  • Ghon tubercle is a x-ray finding in TB

  • IgE is associated with inhaled allergens in asthma

  • Inflammation, mucosal edema, and bronchoconstriction are associated with allergic form of asthma

  • Lack of alpha-1- antitrypsin in emphysema can lead to alveolar destruction

  • Hypersecretion of mucus in chronic bronchitis is a result of recurrent infection.

  • All obstructive pulmonary disorders are characterized by resistance to airflow.

  • Extrinsic vs. Intrinsic asthma

  • COPD leads to barrel chest due to air trapping

  • Emphysema has a destruction to the alveolar walls due to the release of proteolytic enzymes from immune cells

  • Chronic bronchitis leads to cor pulmonale due to increased pulmonary vascular resistance 

  • Bronchoconstriction, bronchial mucosal edema, hypersecretion of mucus, and hypoxemia are associated with acute asthma attack

  • Chronic inflammatory disorder, airway responsiveness, genetic susceptibility, and airway remodeling are all characteristics of asthma

  • Use of accessory muscles, expiratory wheezing, coughing, and feeling of chest tightness are all part of an acute asthma episode

  • Status asthmaticus is a life-threatening complication of asthma

  • Thick mucus, fibrosis, and smooth muscle hypertrophy are all parts of airway obstruction in chronic bronchitis

  • Productive cough is seen in patients with chronic bronchitis

Chapter 23

  • Hypoxemia is the hallmark for acute respiratory distress syndrome

  • Tracheal shift and respiratory distress are a sign for pneumothorax

  • Inhalation of organic substances are a cause of Hypersensitivity pneumonitis 

  • Pneumothorax and ARDS are types of restrictive respiratory disorders

  • Air that enters the pleural space during inspiration but is unable to exit during expiration leads to tension pneumothorax 

  • Loss of alveolar walls, immunological in nature, and “honeycomb” appearance on x-ray are all part of interstitial lung disease

  • Presence of CD4+ cells, non-productive cough, granulomas, fatigue, weight loss, and fever are all common characteristics of sarcoidosis

  • Dyspnea, diminished breath sounds, and tracheal shift are clinical manifestations of pleural effusion

  • Infant respiratory distress syndrome is caused by a lack of surfactant.

Chapter 24

  • Magnesium-aluminum antacids being a risk factor for hypophosphatemia

  • Hyperparathyroidism is a risk factor for hypercalcemia

  • Hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia both increase neuromuscular excitability.

  • Diarrhea can cause metabolic acidosis

  • Confusion is a sign of hypernatremia

  • Muscle weakness and cardiac dysrhythmias are manifestations of moderate to severe hypokalemia

  • Chronic alcoholism is a cause for hypomagnesemia

  • Decreased urine output is a symptom of clinical dehydration

  • Decreased antidiuretic hormone can cause hypernatremia

  • Confusion, lethargy, coma, and perhaps seizures are clinical manifestations of hyponatremia

Chapter 25

  1. The relationship of metabolic alkalosis and hypokalemia

  2. Hypoventilation is the compensation for metabolic alkalosis

  3. The respiratory system compensates for metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. 

  4. Hyperventilation can cause respiratory alkalosis

  5. Headache is an early sign of metabolic acidosis

  6. Respiratory acidosis includes an increase in carbonic acid

  7. Renal compensation for respiratory acidosis is shown by elevated bicarbonate ion concentration.

  8. Hypoventilation can lead to respiratory acidosis

  9. Kidneys are not able to excrete carbonic acid

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