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Questions and Answers
Motivation is only concerned with the intensity of effort
False
The three key elements of motivation are intensity, direction, and persistence
True
According to equity theory, when employees perceive an inequity, they can make six choices.
True
According to expectancy theory, the tendency to act in a certain way depends on the expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome.
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According to equity theory, one of the choices employees can make when perceiving inequity is to distort perceptions of self.
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McClelland's theory of needs identifies four needs: need for achievement, need for power, need for affiliation, and need for autonomy.
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According to Goal-Setting Theory, specific and difficult goals can lead to lower performance.
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Three factors that influence the goals-performance relationship are goal commitment, task characteristics, and national culture.
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Self-efficacy theory is based on an individual's belief that they are incapable of performing a task.
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Operant conditioning theory is a subtype of reinforcement theory.
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Study Notes
- The text is a summary of various motivation and performance theories in organizational behavior.
- The first theory discussed is McClelland's theory of needs, which identifies three needs: need for achievement, need for power, and need for affiliation.
- Need for achievement is the drive to excel, to achieve in relation to a set of standards, and to strive for success.
- Need for power is the need to make others behave in a way they wouldn't otherwise, through both interpersonal and situational means.
- Need for affiliation is the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.
- Goal-Setting Theory is the second theory discussed, which suggests that goals tell employees what they need to do and how much effort is required, and specific and difficult goals can lead to higher performance.
- Three factors influence the goals-performance relationship: goal commitment, task characteristics, and national culture.
- Self-efficacy theory is the third theory discussed, which is an individual's belief that they are capable of performing a task. Four sources of self-efficacy are enactive mastery, vicarious modeling, verbal persuasion, and arousal.
- Reinforcement theory is the fourth theory discussed, which states that behavior is a function of its consequences and that reinforcement conditions behavior.
- Operant conditioning theory is a subtype of reinforcement theory, which states that people learn to behave in order to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want.
- Social-learning theory is the fifth theory discussed, which suggests that we learn through both observation and direct experience.
- Models are central in social learning theory, and four processes determine their influence on an individual: attentional processes, retention processes, motor reproduction processes, and reinforcement processes.
- B.F. Skinner's behaviorism is an example of reinforcement theory, which emphasizes that behavior is environmentally caused.
- The text also mentions that these theories are from organizational behavior courses at Pearson Education.
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Description
This quiz covers the three key elements of motivation, including intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards achieving goals. It also delves into the variations in motivation levels between individuals and within individuals.
