Understanding Motivation and Emotion

Motivation and Emotion

• Emotions are considered adaptive, promoting individual and species survival by guiding beneficial behavior

Signals & Behavior

• Innate and universal facial expressions accompanying emotions send signals that influence behavior

Autonomic Arousal

• Autonomic arousal occurs during emotional experiences, preparing the body to respond to stimuli

Schachter's Two-Factor Theory

• Environmental cues shape the interpretation of autonomic arousal, leading to specific emotional labels and subsequent behavior

Evolutionary Perspective of Emotions

• Newborns exhibiting certain characteristics suggests innate traits based on heredity with adaptive value

Temperamental Differences

• These differences can confer adaptive benefits, which are vital for survival in the early stages of life

Emotion Theories

• James-Lange Theory:
  • Physiological arousal causes the experience of fear, as in a racing heart when seeing a spider
• Cannon-Bard Theory:
  • The experience of fear and physiological arousal occur simultaneously, triggered by the same stimulus
  • Seeing a spider causes both fear and a racing heart at the same time
• Schachter's Two-Factor Theory:
  • Cognitive appraisal of the situation determines the interpretation of physiological arousal
  • Arousal from seeing a spider is interpreted as fear due to the cognitive appraisal of danger

Defining Development

• Psychologists define it as the sequence of age-related changes from conception to death

Developmental Changes

• Encompass biological and behavioral changes across the life span

Focus Shift

• Developmental psychology's focus has expanded from childhood to include the entire life span in recent decades

Smallest DNA Unit

• The zygote contains the smallest unit of DNA for a human

Germinal Stage

• The germinal stage is the first stage of prenatal development

Early Pregnancy

• Pregnancy is in the germinal stage when a baby was conceived seven days ago

Placenta Function

The placenta facilitates the passage of oxygen and nutrients from mother to fetus

Terminology

• The cluster of developing human cells are called a zygote prior to implantation in the uterine wall
• These cells are referred to once implanted as an embryo

Embryonic Stage and Development

• Includes the formation of a zygote
• Features second through eighth weeks of prenatal development

Heart, Spine, Brain Development Stage

• Heart, spine, and brain emerge during the embryonic stage

Miscarriage Timing

• Most miscarriages happen during the embryonic stage

Medication Concerns

• Taking drugs is most concerning in the embryonic stage

The Fetal Stage of Development

• The fetal stage is the third stage
• The fetal stage lasts from two months through birth

Physical Movement Development Stage

• Physical movement is possible in the fetal stage

Fetal Movement Sensing Stage

• A pregnancy must be in the fetal stage if the baby is kicking and moving

Prenatal Development Longest Stage

• The fetal is the longest stage of development

Viability Age

• A baby has to be in the fetal stage if it can survive a premature birth
• If a baby can survice that means that he is roughly betwen 22 and 26 weeks

Premature Baby

Caesarean Section Survival Likelihood Fact

• A c-section has a 75% chance of survival at 27 weeks

Rates of Development

• Rapid Growth: Any mechanical or chemical interference with prenatal development will have the most serious impact on a developing system

Alcohol Abstinence

• Abstaining from alcohol after the first eight weeks of pragnancy can lead to having noticeable pysical deformities, and an increased risk of mental retardation in the baby

Rubella

• Dominique, who is eight month pregnant will be be unnaffected by the the disease
• However Angela's baby,who is four weeks pregnant will have physcial defects

Alcohol Consumption in the Baby

• A likely sign for alcohol consumption during pragnancy of the mother is indicated through a a small head, heart defects, and delayed mental and motor development

Full Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

• Heavy drinking throughout pragnancy leads to a full fetal alcohol syndrome

Even Normal Social Drinking

• During expectancy may be harmful for the fetus

What' NOT a Cigarette Risk

• Increased risk for microcephaly in the newborn

Primary Factor Maternal Illness

• Depends on what stage of pregnancy the mother contracts the disease

Air Pollution in the Unborn

• Exposure to air pollution is associated with impaired cognitive development by age five.

Maternal Exposure

• Can lead to a wide range of birth complications and neurological deficits
• Examples of Maternal Exposure are:
• Alchol, drugs, malnutrition, infections

Moderate Malnutrition

• It is difficult to asses the effects of moderate malnutrition in North America
• Confounded with other risk factors

Stone's Study

• It will be difficult to find a large enough sample size, because moderate malnutrition is rare.
• Malnutrition will be confounded with other factors associated with poverty or substance abuse.
• Developmental delays are notoriously difficult to define and measure.

Where is the 2nd Stage?

• The second stage is embyronic development

3rd Stage of Development

• The third stage of development is fetal

Muscle and Bone Forming Stage

• The muscle and bone form during the fetal stage

Temperament

• Only 15% of children in the Thomas and Chess study on temperament were slow-to-warm-up

Ericksons Stages

• Achieve a balance

Russian Developmental Psychologist

• Highlighted the contribution of the social context, culture and social interaction to the cognitive development of children
• His name was Lev Vygotsky

The Older and Newer Difference

• Maturation requires the active participation of the infant

Developmental Norm

• The median age at which children achieve a skill

Development of Motor Skills

• The rates do vary somewhat across cultures, suggesting that environmental factors can slow or accelerate early motor development

More Morden Understanding of Maturation

• children who are carried everywhere will walk later than average

Maturation and Milestones in Baby's

• Most children go through roughly the same sequence of development milestones

Child Rearing

• Later motor development

More Critical Acquisition of skills

• A child will need experience

Development across the Life Span

• Longitudinal

Study being Cross-Sectional

• Used when groups of subjects of differing age are compared at a single point in time

Graduate Student who is Studying Identitiy Formation Design

Tucker's is using a cross-sectional design

Influenced Age Method

• Look at cohort effects from what the youth are being influenced with

Temperamental Individuality

• Established when the baby is around two to three months of age

Active Happy Infant

• Easy

Quiet Infant

• Is a quiet infant

Actvely Resists Change

• Difficult

Reference to a child who tends to be Glum

• Difficult child

Routine Change Temperament

• Difficult

Temperamentally Easy

• Fairly likely to retain the easy temperament

Shy Kid Kagans

• Kagan and his colleagues use to describe infants who are shy, timid, and wary of unfamiliar persons
• The temperament is known as inhibited

Shy, timid, around unfamiliar people

• The temperament is inhibited

Close emotional bond

• Attachment

Separation Anxiety

• 14 to 18 Months

Wade and Macy Anxiety

• Macy will show more distress than Wade when she realizes that her mother has gone

Harlow Monkeys

• Comfort is most important

Infants Cute Appealing Bowlby

• So we can attach to them and provide care

Adaptive Value of Attachment

• Children learn the social and emotional skills needed for survival and reproduction

Predictable Relationship

• Evoultionary theorist

Eagerly Explore Playroom

• Avoidant

Extremely Distressed

• Is anxious-abivalent

Unwilling to Explore Playroom

• What type of attachment is illustrated in this part of this example?
• Anxious-ambivalent

Difficult Temperament

• Interactive

Rich Friendship Networks

• Secure attachments

40 % Avoidant Attachment

• Germany

Investigate Pattern of Infant Attachment

• Japan

Parenting Styles

• The style of interactions between parent and child

Assumed

• They progress in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous one.