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Questions and Answers
Which scenario best exemplifies a moral dilemma?
Which scenario best exemplifies a moral dilemma?
- Planning a vacation to either the beach or the mountains.
- Choosing between attending a movie or a concert on a free evening.
- Deciding whether to tell the truth that could hurt a friend or to lie to protect them. (correct)
- Selecting which brand of coffee to purchase at the grocery store.
Moral agency is the capacity to make ethical decisions and be held accountable, a trait shared by both humans and animals.
Moral agency is the capacity to make ethical decisions and be held accountable, a trait shared by both humans and animals.
False (B)
What is the relationship between freedom and moral responsibility?
What is the relationship between freedom and moral responsibility?
Moral responsibility is directly connected to freedom, indicating that the power to choose comes with the duty to act ethically and be accountable for one's choices.
According to Kohlberg's theory, moral reasoning at the pre-conventional level is primarily driven by a focus on ______.
According to Kohlberg's theory, moral reasoning at the pre-conventional level is primarily driven by a focus on ______.
Match each level of moral dilemma with its description:
Match each level of moral dilemma with its description:
Which of the following is NOT considered a key role of moral agents in promoting justice?
Which of the following is NOT considered a key role of moral agents in promoting justice?
Cultural relativism suggests that moral values are universal and consistent across all societies.
Cultural relativism suggests that moral values are universal and consistent across all societies.
How does religion influence moral behaviors in culture?
How does religion influence moral behaviors in culture?
The Filipino trait of pakikipagkapwa-tao emphasizes the importance of ______ and harmony in relationships.
The Filipino trait of pakikipagkapwa-tao emphasizes the importance of ______ and harmony in relationships.
Match each Filipino trait to its description:
Match each Filipino trait to its description:
Which of the following could be a negative consequence of extreme family-centeredness according to the text?
Which of the following could be a negative consequence of extreme family-centeredness according to the text?
Colonial mentality in Filipinos is characterized by a preference for local culture, products, and values over foreign ones.
Colonial mentality in Filipinos is characterized by a preference for local culture, products, and values over foreign ones.
What is the meaning of Kanya-kanya Syndrome?
What is the meaning of Kanya-kanya Syndrome?
According to Richard Kinnier, Jerry Kernes, and Therese Dautheribes (2000), A code of agreed upon rules might serve to improve ______ and cooperation.
According to Richard Kinnier, Jerry Kernes, and Therese Dautheribes (2000), A code of agreed upon rules might serve to improve ______ and cooperation.
Match the following actions to their respective levels of Kohlberg's Moral Development:
Match the following actions to their respective levels of Kohlberg's Moral Development:
In Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, at which level does an individual begin to act in ways that gain social approval?
In Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, at which level does an individual begin to act in ways that gain social approval?
Moral character is innate and cannot be developed through habits and repeated moral actions.
Moral character is innate and cannot be developed through habits and repeated moral actions.
How can one develop good moral character?
How can one develop good moral character?
Bell argued that without some universal standards we are left with no way to condemn cannibalism, physical torture, mutilation, wife beating, child abuse, slavery, murder, or genocide, if they are part of habitual practice and ______ of a group.
Bell argued that without some universal standards we are left with no way to condemn cannibalism, physical torture, mutilation, wife beating, child abuse, slavery, murder, or genocide, if they are part of habitual practice and ______ of a group.
Match between Key Ethical Principles with the definition
Match between Key Ethical Principles with the definition
Flashcards
Moral Dilemma
Moral Dilemma
A situation where an individual must choose between two equally important alternatives that cannot be done simultaneously.
Moral Agency
Moral Agency
The ability to act with reference to what is considered right and wrong, making ethical decisions while being accountable.
Physical Freedom
Physical Freedom
Absence of physical constraints.
Moral Freedom
Moral Freedom
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Political Freedom
Political Freedom
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Moral Responsibility
Moral Responsibility
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Awareness
Awareness
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Intentionality
Intentionality
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Accountability
Accountability
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Culture
Culture
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The Family
The Family
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The School
The School
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The Church
The Church
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The Government
The Government
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The Workplace
The Workplace
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Pakikipagkapwa-tao
Pakikipagkapwa-tao
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Family Orientation
Family Orientation
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Joy and Humor
Joy and Humor
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Moral Character
Moral Character
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Moral reasoning
Moral reasoning
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Study Notes
- A moral dilemma occurs when one must choose between equally important, mutually exclusive options.
Factors Influencing Moral Dilemmas
- Personal advocacies
- Education and past experiences
- Family and friends
- Religion
- Culture
- Society
Levels of Moral Dilemmas
- Individual: Occurs in personal situations requiring a choice between two important values
- For example, choosing between helping a friend cheat (loyalty) or being honest.
- Organizational: Faced by institutions/businesses when making decisions
- Affects multiple individuals, involving internal and external stakeholders.
- For example, deciding to recall a defective product (ethical) or keep selling it (financial).
- Structural: Societal issues impacting communities or nations
- Complex, involving legal, ethical, and political considerations.
- For example, healthcare, immigration policies, and juvenile laws are structural dilemmas.
Freedom
- Rationality, moral freedom, and conscience are needed for ethics
- Rationality: Critical thinking to evaluate actions
- Freedom: Conscious moral choices, unlike animals
- Moral Conscience: Internal sense of right and wrong
Moral Agency
- Capacity to act with reference to right and wrong
- A moral agent can make ethical decisions and is accountable
- Non-moral agents lack the ability to choose ethically
Freedom: Types
- Physical Freedom: Absence of physical constraints
- Moral Freedom: Choosing ethically
- Political Freedom: Rights and liberties within a society
Moral Responsibility Defined
- Duty to act ethically and be accountable for choices.
- With freedom of choice comes responsibility
Key Aspects of Moral Responsibility
- Awareness: Understanding moral implications
- Intentionality: Acting deliberately
- Accountability: Taking responsibility for consequences
Moral Agents Promoting Justice
- Moral agents promote justice/accountability; aligns with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) No. 16
- SDG-16 focuses on peace, justice, and strong institutions
Promoting Justice Roles
- Exposing Corruption/Wrongdoing: Speaking out/ensuring transparency/fairness
- Speaking out against unethical practices in government, corps, and institutions
- Advocating for Human Rights/Fairness: Ethical leaders protect marginalized groups/demand reforms
- Ethical leaders, activists and whistleblowers challenge systemic injustices
- Strengthening Institutions: Upholding ethical standards/promoting accountability and integrity
- Upholding standards to maintain credibility for legal, political and corporate institutions
Ethical Principles
- Principles are respect for autonomy, doing good, avoiding harm, and ensuring fairness
Respect for Autonomy
- Right to make informed choices
Beneficence
- Promoting as much good as possible
Non-maleficence
- Avoiding unnecessary harm
Justice
- Fair and equal distribution of resources
Cultural Relativism
- Culture shapes values, behaviors, interactions, symbolisms, etc
- Moral values and ethics are products of a cultural context
- Morality varies across societies
Principles of Cultural Relativism
- What is right in one society may be wrong in another
- Encourages understanding and respect instead of judgement using one's own standards
Providers of Moral Behaviors in a Culture
- The Family: Primary entity influencing personality and values
- The School: Integrated human values with new changes
- The Church: Promotes unity/solidarity among members
- The Government: Exists for populace benefit/promotes economic/socio-cultural advancements
- The Workplace: Influences employee ethical conduct
Filipino Moral Character
- Strengths - respect for others, family centeredness, joy, humor, flexibility, hard work, faith, survival
Filipino Strengths
- Pakikipagkapwa-tao (Respect): Togetherness and harmony with empathy and concern
- Family Orientation: Family at the life's center, influencing decisions
- Joy and Humor: Maintains a positive outlook
- Adaptability: Resourceful when adjusting to situations
- Hard Work: Achieves goals through hardship
- Faith: Strong belief in God shapes values
- Ability to Survive: Resilience when enduring hardship
Filipino Weaknesses
- Weaknesses - personalism, family-centeredness, discipline, colonial mindset, passivity, selfishness
Filipino Weaknesses
- Extreme Personalism: Prioritizes relationships over rules, causing bias
- Extreme Family-Centeredness: Leads to over-dependence, nepotism
- Lack of Discipline: Struggles with rules causing inefficiency
- Colonial Mentality: Prefers foreign culture over Filipino
- Passivity: Avoids confrontation
- Selfishness: Prioritizes personal gain, causing disunity
Moral Development Theory
- Kohlberg's theory: Moral reasoning evolves over time
Levels of Morality
- Level 1: Pre-conventional (below 9 years): Self-focused
- Obedience and Punishment: Avoids punishment
- Individualism and Exchange: Driven by "what's in it for me?"
- Level 2: Conventional (adolescence to middle-age): Reasoning based on group norms
- Good interpersonal relationships: Acts to gain social approval
- Maintaining Social Order: Follows rules for social stability
- Level 3: Post-conventional (adults): Individual judgement based on individual rights and justice
- Social Contract and Individual Rights: Recognizes laws can change
- Universal Principles: Guided by self-chosen moral principles
Developing Virtue as Habit
- Kinnier, Kernes, Dautheribes (2000): Call to universal values is urgent for human survival
Universal Values
- Common values can improve communication and cooperation worldwide
- Without standards, there is no way to condemn cannibalism, torture, abuse
- Common values enable expectations and manage differences harmoniously
Moral Character
- Inner qualities influencing ethical behavior
- Disposition leading to morally good actions
- Virtue ethics suggests habits develop good character
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