Podcast
Podcast
Podcast
Something went wrong
Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which branch of philosophy is concerned with questioning beliefs, assumptions of reality, and how it works?
Which branch of philosophy is concerned with questioning beliefs, assumptions of reality, and how it works?
- Metaphysics
- Ethics (correct)
- Logic
- Epistemology
Which area of ethics focuses on determining the meaning of terms such as 'right' and 'good'?
Which area of ethics focuses on determining the meaning of terms such as 'right' and 'good'?
- Normative Ethics
- Metaethics (correct)
- Ethics of Religion
- Consequentialism
Which major ethical theory is concerned with questions such as why should one be moral and how can one tell what is right or wrong?
Which major ethical theory is concerned with questions such as why should one be moral and how can one tell what is right or wrong?
- Normative Ethics (correct)
- Ethics of Religion
- Subjectivism
- Metaethics
Which philosophical method of inquiry involves a systematic set of procedures to guide an investigation?
Which philosophical method of inquiry involves a systematic set of procedures to guide an investigation?
Which branch of philosophy is most concerned with understanding valid logical arguments?
Which branch of philosophy is most concerned with understanding valid logical arguments?
Which of the following describes the study of the nature of knowledge, its scope, method and validity?
Which of the following describes the study of the nature of knowledge, its scope, method and validity?
What initial step is involved in a philosophical inquiry, as described in the methods of philosophical inquiry?
What initial step is involved in a philosophical inquiry, as described in the methods of philosophical inquiry?
What follows the formulation of the hypothesis in a philosophical inquiry?
What follows the formulation of the hypothesis in a philosophical inquiry?
What constitutes a moral dilemma?
What constitutes a moral dilemma?
According to the material provided, what principle is most closely associated with a moral dilemma?
According to the material provided, what principle is most closely associated with a moral dilemma?
Which condition must be met for self-defense to be considered morally justifiable?
Which condition must be met for self-defense to be considered morally justifiable?
In moral decision-making, what is the requirement regarding the direct intention of the agent concerning a possibly bad effect?
In moral decision-making, what is the requirement regarding the direct intention of the agent concerning a possibly bad effect?
In the context of evaluating actions with both good and bad effects, what is a key element in moral decision-making?
In the context of evaluating actions with both good and bad effects, what is a key element in moral decision-making?
According to the criteria for resolving moral dilemmas, what should lead the evil effect?
According to the criteria for resolving moral dilemmas, what should lead the evil effect?
In the process of resolving a moral dilemma, what initial step should one undertake?
In the process of resolving a moral dilemma, what initial step should one undertake?
How did Edward Tylor define culture?
How did Edward Tylor define culture?
How is ethics distinct from morals?
How is ethics distinct from morals?
According to the characteristics of culture, which aspect emphasizes culture being passed down through language and symbols?
According to the characteristics of culture, which aspect emphasizes culture being passed down through language and symbols?
Which term describes the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and judge other cultures based on one's own cultural standards?
Which term describes the tendency to view one's own culture as superior and judge other cultures based on one's own cultural standards?
What is a key characteristic of organizational culture that influences ethical behavior?
What is a key characteristic of organizational culture that influences ethical behavior?
What distinguishes an 'unethical standard' in an organization?
What distinguishes an 'unethical standard' in an organization?
Which of the following is an element of national culture that shapes individuals' behavior and interaction?
Which of the following is an element of national culture that shapes individuals' behavior and interaction?
What does cultural relativism assert about ethical norms?
What does cultural relativism assert about ethical norms?
The promotion of unity and harmony can be a strength of what?
The promotion of unity and harmony can be a strength of what?
How might cultural relativism be problematic?
How might cultural relativism be problematic?
Which of the following is a negative implication of cultural relativism?
Which of the following is a negative implication of cultural relativism?
What are moral qualities?
What are moral qualities?
What best describes the inclinations to act in certain ways?
What best describes the inclinations to act in certain ways?
What is the essence of consistently acting in accordance with moral principles, even when it is challenging?
What is the essence of consistently acting in accordance with moral principles, even when it is challenging?
What could be described as being accountable for your actions and taking ownership of your choices?
What could be described as being accountable for your actions and taking ownership of your choices?
Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development is characterized by the consideration that the idea of right or wrong depends on the response of others?
Which of Kohlberg's stages of moral development is characterized by the consideration that the idea of right or wrong depends on the response of others?
In which stage of Kohlberg's moral development does a person begin to transition from selfish reasoning to mature reasoning?
In which stage of Kohlberg's moral development does a person begin to transition from selfish reasoning to mature reasoning?
Which stage characterizes involves the preservation of life at all cost and importance of dignity?
Which stage characterizes involves the preservation of life at all cost and importance of dignity?
Which of the Sustainable Development Goals directly relates to applying moral principles fairly across all genders?
Which of the Sustainable Development Goals directly relates to applying moral principles fairly across all genders?
Why is reducing inequalities (SDG 10) important for ethical principles?
Why is reducing inequalities (SDG 10) important for ethical principles?
How does studying 'The Moral Act' (1.1) contribute to achieving SDG 4 (Quality Education)?
How does studying 'The Moral Act' (1.1) contribute to achieving SDG 4 (Quality Education)?
Which educational outcome does studying 'Moral Dilemma' most directly support in the context of SDG 4?
Which educational outcome does studying 'Moral Dilemma' most directly support in the context of SDG 4?
How can education related to 'Ethics and Culture' contribute to fulfilling SDG 4?
How can education related to 'Ethics and Culture' contribute to fulfilling SDG 4?
How does studying 'Cultural Relativism' promote quality education (SDG 4)?
How does studying 'Cultural Relativism' promote quality education (SDG 4)?
How do ethics, as a theoretical concept, relate to morals in practice?
How do ethics, as a theoretical concept, relate to morals in practice?
In the context of resolving moral dilemmas, the Principle of Double Effect requires the intention of the agent to be:
In the context of resolving moral dilemmas, the Principle of Double Effect requires the intention of the agent to be:
How does the understanding of 'Ethics and Culture' contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education)?
How does the understanding of 'Ethics and Culture' contribute to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4 (Quality Education)?
When engaging in philosophical inquiry, what is the significance of 'reporting of the results'?
When engaging in philosophical inquiry, what is the significance of 'reporting of the results'?
How does cultural relativism balance the respect for cultural diversity with the potential acceptance of morally questionable practices?
How does cultural relativism balance the respect for cultural diversity with the potential acceptance of morally questionable practices?
Questions and Answers
Something went wrong
Flashcards
Flashcards
Human Tendency
Human Tendency
The innate human drive to understand truth, central to philosophical inquiry.
Philosophical Inquiry
Philosophical Inquiry
Questioning assumptions and beliefs about reality and existence.
Ethics
Ethics
A branch of philosophy examining moral behavior questions of good, evil, justice.
Metaethics
Metaethics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Normative Ethics
Normative Ethics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ethics of Religion
Ethics of Religion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Philosophical Inquiry
Philosophical Inquiry
Signup and view all the flashcards
Logic
Logic
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epistemology
Epistemology
Signup and view all the flashcards
Metaphysics
Metaphysics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Philosophical Inquiry
Philosophical Inquiry
Signup and view all the flashcards
Moral Dilemma
Moral Dilemma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Principle of Double Effect
Principle of Double Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Self-Defense
Self-Defense
Signup and view all the flashcards
Element 1
Element 1
Signup and view all the flashcards
Element 2
Element 2
Signup and view all the flashcards
Element 3
Element 3
Signup and view all the flashcards
Element 4
Element 4
Signup and view all the flashcards
Element 5
Element 5
Signup and view all the flashcards
Element 6
Element 6
Signup and view all the flashcards
Step 1
Step 1
Signup and view all the flashcards
Step 2
Step 2
Signup and view all the flashcards
Step 3
Step 3
Signup and view all the flashcards
Step 4
Step 4
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ethics
Ethics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Culture
Culture
Signup and view all the flashcards
Culture: Shared
Culture: Shared
Signup and view all the flashcards
Culture: Learned
Culture: Learned
Signup and view all the flashcards
Culture: Social
Culture: Social
Signup and view all the flashcards
Culture: Gratifies
Culture: Gratifies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Culture: Dynamic
Culture: Dynamic
Signup and view all the flashcards
Culture: Integrated
Culture: Integrated
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Xenocentrism
Xenocentrism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Culture
Culture
Signup and view all the flashcards
Organizational Culture
Organizational Culture
Signup and view all the flashcards
Unethical Standard
Unethical Standard
Signup and view all the flashcards
National Culture
National Culture
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cultural Relativism
Cultural Relativism
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tolerance
Tolerance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cultural Relativism: Strengths
Cultural Relativism: Strengths
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cultural Relativism Benefits
Cultural Relativism Benefits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cultural Relativism Negative.
Cultural Relativism Negative.
Signup and view all the flashcards
Moral Character
Moral Character
Signup and view all the flashcards
Habits
Habits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Flashcards
Something went wrong
Study Notes
Study Notes
Part I: The Moral Agent
- This section covers the moral act, moral dilemmas, ethics and culture, cultural relativism, and moral character development.
The Moral Act
- Humans have an innate desire to know the truth, and philosophy helps question what is considered truth.
- Philosophical inquiry questions beliefs and assumptions to understand reality.
- Philosophy studies general and fundamental issues like existence, knowledge, values, and reason.
- Philosophers question moral behaviors, asking what is good, how good differs from evil, the difference between moral and immoral, and what justice is.
- Philosophy and ethics relate to provide perspectives for understanding right from wrong.
Major Areas of Ethics
- Metaethics attempts to define the meaning of moral terms like right, good, virtue, and justice.
- Approaches in metaethics include cognitivism, intuitionism, naturalism, and subjectivism.
- Normative ethics studies ethical actions and what is considered morally good or bad.
- Normative ethics addresses why one should be moral and how to distinguish right from wrong, and includes consequentialism, deontological ethics, and virtue ethics.
- Ethics of religion entails beliefs and practices where people relate their lives to a supernatural force or being, like God.
Philosophical Methods of Inquiry
- Philosophy branches vary on methods of inquiry to know and understand the truth.
- Philosophical inquiry is a method aimed at realizing a clear meaning of common human issues in daily life
- Logic: Science and art of correct thinking, using methods to achieve accuracy and objectivity in explaining what makes a valid logical argument.
- Epistemology: the study of the theory of knowledge including its scope, methods, and validity.
- Metaphysics: the study of the nature of things, including what is real and apparent
Philosophical Inquiry Process
- Philosophers follow a process to explain the standards of what is morally good or bad, acknowledge the certainty or uncertainty of information, and determine/evaluate ethical behavior.
- They state the problem by identifying the problem that needs solving
- Formulate a hypothesis: Develop a tentative explanation to serve as a guide
- Draw a conclusion that is justified based on provided evidence and findings
- Report the results so researchers can verify the results and confirm their accuracy
Moral Dilemma
- A moral dilemma occurs when individuals face conflicting answers to the question "What is Right?"
- A moral dilemma is a situation with a difficult choice to be made, and it relates primarily to the Principle of Double Effect.
- Self-defense requires intent of saving one’s own life
- Self-defense may have double effect unless excessive violence used. Self-defense is only justified if double effect is present
Important Elements in Moral Decision-Making
- Actions must be morally good or indifferent.
- The agent should not positively will the bad effect, but may permit it.
- Good effect must flow at least as immediately from the action as the bad effect.
- The good effect must be sufficiently desirable to compensate for bad effect.
- Evil should not precede the good, so the end does not justify the means
- There should be a good reason for the act in its good effect
- The intention of the agent must be honest
Steps in Solving Moral Dilemmas
- Examine the actions in relation to the agent.
- Determine the consequences of the act.
- Identify the intention of the act.
- Decide in accordance with divine and natural laws.
Ethics and Culture
- Ethics (or moral philosophy) is the study of principles distinguishing right from wrong and good from bad.
- The word ethics comes from the Greek word "ethos," meaning custom or habit.
- Ethics are theoretical (concerned with moral ideals), while morals apply to their practice and varies across cultures and influences on how ethical problems are perceived
Culture
- Defined by Edward Tylor as the "complex whole" of knowledge, beliefs, art, laws, morals, and customs acquired by individuals in society.
- Culture is shared values, norms, and beliefs that shape human behaviour
Characteristics of Culture
- Culture is shared and transmitted through language and symbols.
- Culture is learned and acquired, not innate, and gained through experience.
- Culture is a social phenomenon formed through human interaction.
- Culture gratifies human needs by fulfilling basic needs.
- Culture is dynamic due to discoveries, inventions, and adaptations.
- Culture is integrated as components (values, beliefs, norms) work together as a system.
Cultural Views
- Ethnocentrism judges other cultures based on one's own cultural standards.
- Example: Seeing eating with hands as unhygienic.
- Xenocentrism is the tendency to value other cultures more highly than one’s own.
- Culture is a shared way of life for people living together, and every culture is different and not perfect
- Cultures are equal in dignity as all humans are
Organizational Culture and Ethics
- Organizational culture is shared assumptions, values, and beliefs governing behavior in organizations.
- Shared values influence people on organization directing how they dress, and perform their jobs
- Ethical standards are explicit conduct followed by its members
- Unethical standards - practices are perpetuated in the organization when the superiors or leaders approve and support them or turn a blind eye on them.
- Natural culture refers to shared values, beliefs, customs, practices and behaviour common to that area
National Culture and Ethics
- Shared values shape individuals and organization behaviors and interacr within that society.
- It reflects how they approach moral dilemmas and make decisions.
- example; traditions such as pagmamano, language such as pilipino/filipino and religion such as catholic
Cultural Relativism
- Cultural relativism suggests ethical norms differ from one society or culture to another.
- It implies there are no universal moral norms, so morality varies between cultures.
- Respect and tolerance are encouraged when interacting with other cultures.
Strengths of Cultural Relativism
- Cultural relativism helps avoid moral dictatorship
- It respects diversity and the plurality of rich cultural and historical traditions.
- Cultural relativism respects the belief of different countries
- there is no objective or valid system to judge and criticize the ,oral practices of other cultures as superior or inferior
Cultural Relativism
- Cultural relativism promotes unity and harmony among cultures
- Promotes deeper understanding and respect which is the key to better relationships among diverse cultures
Problems of Cultural Relativism
- Cultural relativism can lead to tolerance and acceptance of social injustices and inhumane activities.
- A rational person opposes acts despite what relativism tends to accept and tolerate because of cultural diversity.
- Cultural relativism involves rejection of higher universal or common moral standards
- Reduces morality to customs, traditions, and cultural preferences.
- Cultural relativism makes it impossible to know about another culture
- Impossible to fully understand and immerse oneself in a foreign culture.
- Cultural relativism creates vulnerability to racial discrimination because could lead some people to thinking culture that their culture is superior to others
Moral Character
- It refers to the qualities, dispositions, and habits that contribute to a person's ethical behavior.
- Qualities define a person's moral character, such as honesty, integrity, compassion, responsibility, fairness, and courage.
- Dispositions are the tendencies or inclinations to act in certain ways
- Habits are repeated patterns of behavior that become ingrained over time
Values
- Moral characters consistently act in accordance with values and principles, even when inconvenient/challenging
- Making ethical choices require considers consequences of actions and strive to do what's right, even if sacrificing personal gain.
- Owning up and taking responsibility require strive to make amends after one make mistakes
- Stand by your principles is honest, trustworthy and stand by while difficult.
Moral Character
- Compassion: Caring about others and showing empathy.
- Responsibility: Being accountable for your actions and taking ownership of your choices.
- Fairness: Treating everyone equally and with justice.
- Courage: Standing up for what you believe in, even when it's challenging.
3 Stages of Moral Development (Lawrence Kohlberg)
- Pre-conventional: Idea of right/wrong based on how others respond (obedience, punishment, individualism, and exchange).
- Conventional morality is the transition for selfish to mature reasoning
- Good interpersonal relationship and maintaining the social order
- Post conventional involves preservation of life as a cost and importance of dignity
- Focus onsocial contract and individual rights along with universal principle
Sustainable Development Goals (SDG)
- Quality Education - help one develop Critical thinking skills necessary for moral decision making and equips with framework to identify, and resolve moral dilemmmas
- Gender Equality -moral principles are applied fairly to all genders, and no to gender bias
- Reduced ingequalities whether economic, social, or political, can create environments where ethical principles are not equally applied.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Study Notes
Something went wrong
