10 Questions
What is the main problem with the argument presented in the text?
It contains words with multiple meanings.
Which fallacy category includes fallacies that are committed due to provision of premises that are logically irrelevant to the conclusion?
Fallacies of Relevance
What did Aristotle identify and separate into groups?
Informal fallacies
In the first premise of the flawed argument, how is the word 'plants' used?
Referring to manufacturing buildings
Which group of fallacies do fallacies of weak induction belong to?
Fallacies of Weak Induction
What has made the task of classifying informal fallacies more difficult over time?
The creation of more informal fallacies
Which part of an argument usually needs to be logically relevant to avoid fallacies of relevance?
Premises
What is the main difference between the fallacies involving relevance and those involving ambiguity?
Relevance is about structure, while ambiguity is about meaning.
How many groups are the twenty-two informal fallacies divided into in the text?
Five groups
Which term describes fallacies that have premises logically unrelated to their conclusions?
Relevant fallacies
Study Notes
Fallacies
- A fallacy can be committed in many ways, often due to a mistake in reasoning or the creation of an illusion that makes a bad argument appear good.
- Both deductive and inductive arguments can contain fallacies, making them either unsound or uncogent.
Types of Fallacies
- Fallacies are divided into two groups: formal and informal.
- Formal fallacies are committed due to a structural defect of an argument and can be identified through inspection of the form or structure of an argument.
- Informal fallacies are committed due to a defect in the content of an argument, other than in its structure or form.
Fallacies of Relevance
- Fallacies of relevance are committed when premises are logically irrelevant to the conclusion.
- The fallacy of missing the point is committed due to an irrelevant conclusion.
Fallacy of False Dichotomy
- The fallacy of false dichotomy is committed when a disjunctive premise presents two unlikely alternatives as if they were the only ones available.
- The arguer then eliminates the undesirable alternative, leaving the desirable one as the conclusion.
- This type of argument is valid but typically unsound due to a false or probably false disjunctive premise.
Classification of Fallacies
- Aristotle identified 13 informal fallacies and separated them into two groups.
- The presentation divided 22 informal fallacies into five groups: fallacies of relevance, fallacies of weak induction, fallacies of presumption, fallacies of ambiguity, and fallacies of grammatical analogy.
Learn about the different ways logical fallacies can be committed, such as mistakes in reasoning or creating illusions to make a bad argument seem good. Discover how fallacies can affect both deductive and inductive arguments.
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