Understanding Learning and Memory

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of learning?

A change in behavior due to experience

What is classical conditioning?

Learning through association between two stimuli

What is operant conditioning?

Learning through consequences like rewards or punishments

What is the difference between classical and operant conditioning?

<p>Operant involves consequences, classical involves associations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is reinforcement?

<p>Anything that makes a behavior more likely to happen again</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jim gives Dwight an Altoid every time his computer starts up. What is the conditioned stimulus?

<p>The computer startup sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three main stages of memory?

<p>Encoding, Storage, Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is encoding in memory?

<p>Taking in information and transforming it into memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is short term memory?

<p>Memory used to repeat a phone number for a short time</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between semantic and episodic memory?

<p>Semantic is facts, episodic is personal experiences</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is chunking?

<p>Grouping items into meaningful units to help memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves accessing stored information when you need it?

<p>Retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

Jared remembers a long number by connecting it to a historic event. What strategy is this?

<p>Elaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of memory helps you remember a map layout?

<p>Visual sensory memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is thinking in psychology?

<p>The process of manipulating information mentally</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is intelligence?

<p>The ability to solve problems and adapt to new situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a heuristic?

<p>A mental shortcut used for problem solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between convergent and divergent thinking?

<p>Convergent focuses on one solution, divergent on many ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a prototype?

<p>A mental image of the best example of a category</p> Signup and view all the answers

A CEO asks for as many ideas as possible. What type of thinking is this?

<p>Divergent thinking</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is cognitive development?

<p>Growth in thinking, problem-solving, and learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are reflexes in infants?

<p>Automatic responses to stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is object permanence?

<p>Knowing that objects exist even when out of sight</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between nature and nurture?

<p>Nature is genetic, nurture is environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Piaget known for?

<p>The stages of cognitive development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of development involved growth in the body, brain, and motor skills?

<p>Physical development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Tom plays pretend and understands conversation. Which Piaget stage is he in?

<p>Concrete operational</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peter finds a toy hidden under a pillow. This shows:

<p>Object Permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sorting buttons by color, size, or shape shows:

<p>Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, adolescence involves the challenge of:

<p>Identity vs. role confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Peter finds a toy hidden under a pillow. This shows what?

<p>Object Permanence</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sorting buttons by color, size, or shape shows what?

<p>Classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, adolescence involves the challenge of what?

<p>Identity vs. role confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is learning?

A change in behavior due to experience.

What is classical conditioning?

Learning through association between two stimuli.

What is operant conditioning?

Learning through consequences like rewards or punishments.

Classical vs. operant conditioning?

Operant involves consequences; classical involves associations.

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What is reinforcement?

Anything that makes a behavior more likely to happen again.

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Conditioned Stimulus Example

The computer startup sound.

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Three main stages of memory?

Encoding, storage, retrieval.

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What is encoding in memory?

Taking in information and transforming it into memory.

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What is short-term memory?

Memory used to repeat a phone number for a short time.

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Semantic vs. episodic memory?

Semantic is facts, episodic is personal experiences.

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What is chunking?

Grouping items into meaningful units to help memory.

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Accessing stored information

Retrieval

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Connecting new info to old

Elaboration

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Remembering a map layout

Visual sensory memory

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What is thinking?

The process of manipulating information mentally.

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What is intelligence?

The ability to solve problems and adapt to new situations.

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What is a heuristic?

A mental shortcut used for problem solving.

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Convergent vs. divergent thinking?

Convergent focuses on one solution; divergent on many ideas.

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What is a prototype?

A mental image of the best example of a category.

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Many ideas as possible

Divergent thinking

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What is cognitive development?

Growth in thinking, problem-solving, and learning.

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What are reflexes in infants?

Automatic responses to stimuli.

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What is object permanence?

Knowing that objects exist even when out of sight.

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Nature vs. nurture?

Nature is genetic; nurture is environment.

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Piaget is known for?

The stages of cognitive development.

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Brain and motor skills

Physical development

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Pretend and understands conversation

Concrete operational

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Finds a hidden toy

Object Permanence

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Sorting items

Classification

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Erikson, adolescence

Identity vs. role confusion

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Study Notes

  • Learning is defined as a change in behavior resulting from experience.
  • Classical conditioning is learning through the association of two stimuli.
  • Operant conditioning is learning through consequences, such as rewards or punishments.
  • Operant conditioning involves consequences; classical conditioning involves associations.
  • Reinforcement is anything that increases the likelihood of a behavior occurring again.
  • The computer startup sound is the conditioned stimulus in the Altoids/computer startup example.
  • The three main stages of memory are encoding, storage, and retrieval.
  • Encoding in memory refers to taking in information and transforming it for storage.
  • Short-term memory is used to repeat a phone number for a short period of time.
  • Semantic memory is for facts, while episodic memory is for personal experiences.
  • Chunking involves grouping items into meaningful units to aid memory.
  • Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information when needed.
  • Connecting a long number to a historic event to remember it is an example of elaboration.
  • Visual sensory memory helps you remember a map layout.
  • Thinking in psychology is the process of manipulating information mentally.
  • Intelligence is the ability to solve problems and adapt to new situations.
  • A heuristic is a mental shortcut used for problem-solving.
  • Convergent thinking focuses on one solution, whereas divergent thinking focuses on generating many ideas.
  • A prototype is a mental image of the best example of a category.
  • Asking for as many ideas as possible is an example of divergent thinking.
  • Cognitive development is growth in thinking, problem-solving, and learning abilities.
  • Reflexes in infants are automatic responses to stimuli.
  • Object permanence is knowing that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight.
  • Nature refers to genetic influences, while nurture refers to environmental influences.
  • Piaget is known for the stages of cognitive development.
  • Physical development involves growth in the body, brain, and motor skills.
  • Playing pretend and understanding conversation indicates the concrete operational stage.
  • Finding a toy hidden under a pillow demonstrates object permanence.
  • Sorting buttons by color, size, or shape demonstrates classification skills.
  • According to Erikson, adolescence involves the challenge of identity versus role confusion.

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