Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which factor is least likely to contribute to autoimmune diseases?
Which factor is least likely to contribute to autoimmune diseases?
- Hormone imbalances
- Genetic predisposition
- Environmental factors such as infections
- Elevated levels of MHC markers (correct)
Why is passive immunity acquired from a mother through breast milk only temporary?
Why is passive immunity acquired from a mother through breast milk only temporary?
- The baby starts producing its own antibodies that neutralize the mother's antibodies.
- The antibodies are only effective against pathogens the mother has encountered.
- The baby's immune system actively rejects the mother's antibodies.
- The antibodies from the mother degrade and leave the baby's body over time. (correct)
How do vaccines primarily function to provide immunity?
How do vaccines primarily function to provide immunity?
- By directly attacking and destroying pathogens in the body
- By creating a physical barrier that prevents pathogens from entering the body
- By training the immune system to recognize and fight specific pathogens without causing illness (correct)
- By introducing antibodies that immediately neutralize pathogens
Why are live vaccines generally not recommended for individuals with weak immune systems?
Why are live vaccines generally not recommended for individuals with weak immune systems?
What is the primary reason transplant patients need to take immunosuppressant drugs?
What is the primary reason transplant patients need to take immunosuppressant drugs?
How does vaccinating a large portion of the population contribute to herd immunity?
How does vaccinating a large portion of the population contribute to herd immunity?
Why are booster shots often recommended after an initial vaccination series?
Why are booster shots often recommended after an initial vaccination series?
Which type of joint provides the greatest range of motion?
Which type of joint provides the greatest range of motion?
What is the role of tendons in facilitating movement?
What is the role of tendons in facilitating movement?
What is the primary purpose of physical therapy in the recovery process after a muscle injury?
What is the primary purpose of physical therapy in the recovery process after a muscle injury?
Flashcards
Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune Diseases
The body's immune system attacks healthy tissues due to genetics, environment, or hormone imbalances.
Temporary Passive Immunity
Temporary Passive Immunity
Maternal antibodies (IgG) passed through the placenta/breast milk provide immunity lasting only a few months.
How Vaccines Build Immunity
How Vaccines Build Immunity
Vaccines train the immune system to recognize and fight germs using harmless antigens, creating memory cells for future infections.
How HIV Attacks Immune System
How HIV Attacks Immune System
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Immunity from Antibody Injections
Immunity from Antibody Injections
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Immune Response: Vaccinated vs. Unvaccinated
Immune Response: Vaccinated vs. Unvaccinated
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Live Vaccines and Mutating Viruses
Live Vaccines and Mutating Viruses
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Why Booster Shots Are Needed
Why Booster Shots Are Needed
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Vaccination and Herd Immunity
Vaccination and Herd Immunity
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Muscles, Bones, and Joints
Muscles, Bones, and Joints
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Study Notes
- Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks healthy tissues, potentially due to genetics, environmental factors, or hormone imbalances.
- Passive immunity from mother to baby is temporary because the transferred antibodies (IgG) break down or leave the baby's body within a few months.
- Vaccines build immunity by training the immune system to recognize and fight germs through harmless parts of germs (antigens), creating memory cells.
- HIV attacks CD4 cells (a type of T cell), weakening the immune system and making the body vulnerable to other infections.
- Immune disorders due to low T cell counts are called immunodeficiency disorders, such as AIDS and DiGeorge syndrome.
- Cellular immunity, especially through killer T cells, is more effective at fighting viruses because it finds and destroys virus-infected cells where antibodies can't reach.
- Monoclonal antibodies treat cancer by targeting specific proteins on cancer cells, helping the immune system attack cancer and block tumor growth.
- Immunity from antibody injections provides quick, short-term protection through pre-made antibodies (immunoglobulins), known as passive artificial immunity.
- Live vaccines are generally unsafe for people with weak immune systems because the weakened germs can still reproduce and cause serious infections.
- Transplant patients take immunosuppressant drugs to prevent organ rejection by reducing the immune response, preventing the immune system from attacking the new organ.
- Vaccinated people have memory cells that quickly respond to germs, while unvaccinated people take longer to develop this defense.
- Live vaccines work better for fast-mutating viruses because they create a stronger and broader immune response, mimicking a natural infection.
- Challenges to disease eradication through vaccination include unequal vaccine access, public vaccine hesitancy, virus mutations, and difficulty reaching remote areas.
- Booster shots strengthen and extend immunity by reminding the immune system to produce more antibodies and memory cells.
- Vaccination helps herd immunity by reducing the spread of disease, protecting those who cannot get vaccinated.
- The main muscles used in jumping are the quadriceps, calves, and gluteus maximus.
- The tibia and fibula are the most commonly broken leg bones due to bearing most of the body's weight.
- The hinge joint in the knee is responsible for bending and straightening the leg.
- Ball-and-socket joints, like the shoulder and hip, are the most flexible, allowing movement in many directions.
- Calcium loss causes bone weakness (osteoporosis), making bones more likely to break.
- Heart muscles work continuously because of the numerous mitochondria producing energy and a constant oxygen supply from blood.
- Amphiarthrosis joints, like those in the spine, allow only limited movement.
- Bones cannot move without muscles, which contract and pull on them through tendons.
- Smooth muscles move food through the digestive tract by rhythmic contractions called peristalsis.
- Physical therapy helps rebuild muscle strength, flexibility, and function while preventing stiffness and weakness during muscle injury recovery.
- The immune system recognizes body cells vs. foreign cells through MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex) markers, where body cells have unique markers, and foreign cells do not.
- Factors to consider when developing new vaccines include safety, effectiveness, stability, cost, and the ability to trigger a strong and lasting immune response.
- Educating people who are hesitant about vaccines requires patience, understanding, clear information, and involving trusted healthcare professionals.
- Muscles, bones, and joints work together, with muscles contracting and pulling on bones through tendons, and joints acting as pivots for movement.
- When a bone breaks, the body heals by forming a blood clot, creating a soft callus that hardens into new bone, and then remodeling the bone, with physical therapy aiding recovery by rebuilding strength and preventing stiffness.
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