Understanding ICT, Web 1.0, and Web 2.0

• Information and Communication Technology (ICT) involves using communication technologies like mobile phones, computers, and the Internet to find, save, send, and edit data.

Primary Composition of ICT

• A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information and can store, retrieve, and process data.
• The Internet is a global network using TCP/IP to connect devices worldwide.
• The World Wide Web (WWW), invented by Tim Berners-Lee, is an information system on the Internet that uses hypertext links to connect documents for easy information searching.
• Web pages are hypertext documents connected to the World Wide Web.
• Web sites are online locations hosting one or more web pages.
• A web browser displays web pages on devices like monitors or mobile devices.
• Web 1.0 web pages are static and non-interactive, lacking features like commenting or account creation.
• Web 2.0 evolved from Web 1.0, adding dynamic web pages.

Features of Web 2.0

• Folksonomy allows users to categorize information using self-chosen keywords (tagging).
• Includes rich user experiences: content is dynamic and responsive to user input, like websites showing local content.
• User participation means website owners are not the only ones who can add content.
• Long Tail refers to sites that offer services and enable individuals and businesses to sell various goods, like Lazada, Shopee, and Zalora.
• Software as a Service is a subscription-based model where users access software only when needed.
• Mass Participation involves the diverse sharing of information through universal web access.
• Web 3.0, or the Semantic Web, aims for machines to understand user preferences and deliver targeted content.

Trends in ICT

• Convergence is the combination of two or more different entities of technologies to create a new single device.
• Social Media are websites, applications, or online channels that enable users to create, co-create, modify, and exchange user-generated content.

Types of Social Media

• Social Networks allow users to connect with others sharing similar interests or backgrounds.
• Bookmarking Sites allow users to save, manage, and tag links to various websites and resources.
• Social News sites allow users to post news items or links to other news sources.
• Media Sites allow users to upload and share media content such as images, music, and video.
• Microblogging sites focus on short updates from users; subscribers receive these updates.
• Blogs & Forums allow users to post content.
• Assistive Media is a non-profit service designed to help people with visual and reading impairments.
• Mobile Technologies Smartphones and tablets have become increasingly popular over the years.

Types of Mobile Operating Systems

• iOS used in Apple devices like iPhones and iPads.
• Android is an open-source operating system developed by Google.
• Blackberry OS used in Blackberry devices.
• Windows Phone OS is a closed-source, proprietary operating system by Microsoft.
• Symbian was the original smartphone OS used by Nokia devices.
• WebOS was originally used for smartphones but now used for smart TVs.
• Windows Mobile was developed by Microsoft for smartphones and pocket PCs.

Ten Rules of Netiquette

• Remember the Human: Treat people online as you would in person.
• Adhere to the same standards online that you follow in real life.
• Know where you are in cyberspace: Be aware of the online community or platform and adjust your behavior accordingly.
• Respect other people's time and bandwidth: Avoid wasting time with unnecessary content and be mindful of resource use.
• Make yourself look good online: present yourself professionally and thoughtfully.
• Share expert knowledge contribute useful information and help others by sharing your expertise.
• Help keep flame wars under control: avoid escalating conflicts or hostile exchanges.
• Respect other people's privacy: don't share personal information without permission.
• Don't abuse your power: use authority or control responsibly online.
• Be forgiving of other people's mistakes: be patient with others when they make errors.

Types of Search Engines

• Crawler-based search engines crawl web pages, extract keywords, and add the pages to a database.
• Directories rely on human editors to create listings.
• Hybrid search engines use both crawler-based searches and directory searches.

Image Formats

• Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) does not support transparency and animation (.jpeg or .jpg).
• Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) supports transparency and animation (.gif).
• Portable Network Graphics (PNG) supports transparency but not animation (.png).
• Layout is part of graphic design that arranges visual elements on a page.

Basic Principles of Graphics and Layout

• Balance: evenly distributing visual weight of objects, texture, colors, and space on the screen.
• Emphasis: using size, texture, shape, or color to attract the viewer's attention to an area.
• Movement: visual elements that guide the viewer's eyes around the screen.
• Pattern: builds familiarity and organizes design for trouble-free viewing.
• Repetition: which enhances consistency and flow of the design.
• Proportion: which creates a coherent design.
• Harmony utilizes similar traits of design elements and puts them into focus.
• Contrast highlights differences and puts emphasis on key elements.
• Variety adds flavor to the design, making it more interesting and engaging.

Image Manipulation Techniques

• Cropping removes distracting or irrelevant parts.
• Compression & Resizing affect the file size.
• Removing the Color can desaturates the color of the image.
• Filters: making that create an image that is sketched, grainy, classic, black and white, or even have neon colors.
• Brightness & Contrast can make the image look darker or lighter.
• Combining Text, Graphics and Image: Combining multiple elements in your layout.
• Changing the Background to help your image stand out.
• Color Balance impacts the light or tone of the image.
• Cloning duplicates parts of an image.
• Malware, short for "malicious software," that cybercriminals develop to steal data or damage computer systems.

Types of Malware

• Spyware runs secretly and monitors computer use.
• Keyloggers record every keystroke made by a computer user.
• Adware serves advertisements.
• Worms transfer from one computer to another.
• Trojans are disguised programs that leave a PC unprotected once installed.
• Viruses are designed to replicate and transfer from one computer to another.

Searching

• Search engines are software systems designed to search the Internet for documents related to entered search terms.