Understanding Human Viruses: An Introduction
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Questions and Answers

Which type of response is specific to the virus?

  • Natural barriers response
  • Adaptive response (correct)
  • Innate response
  • Acquired immunity response

What is the term for the release of infectious virus from an infected host?

  • Viral spreading
  • Viral diffusion
  • Viral dissemination
  • Viral shedding (correct)

What type of transmission is most common for viruses?

  • Vector-borne transmission
  • Airborne transmission
  • Horizontal transmission (correct)
  • Direct transmission

What outcome of viral infection involves the presence of viral genome with no active replication?

<p>Latent/Subclinical infection (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method primes the adaptive immune system to prevent viral infections?

<p>Vaccination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of vaccine uses live attenuated viruses?

<p>'Live attenuated' vaccine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

'Selective toxicity' in antiviral agents refers to their ability to:

<p>Target specific viruses without harming host cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of viruses?

<p>They are acellular and nonliving (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure of a virion?

<p>Genetic material surrounded by protein capsid and may have an envelope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Baltimore class includes HIV?

<ul> <li>ss RNA with RT (Class VI) (D)</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of viral capsid?

<p>Protection of the virus genome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many structural units (capsomeres) typically make up a viral capsid with icosahedral symmetry?

<p>20 triangular faces, 12 vertices, 30 edges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of nucleic acid does Hepatitis B virus contain?

<p>ds DNA with RT (Class VII) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the host range of viruses?

<p>Viruses can infect bacteria, plants, fungi, insects, animals, and humans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic feature of retroviruses?

<p>They contain + ss RNA with reverse transcriptase (RT). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step in viral pathogenesis involves the release of the virus through cell lysis or budding?

<p>Release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the severity of viral disease?

<p>Host response to infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transmission is associated with viral entry through ingestion of contaminated food and water?

<p>Feco-oral transmission (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is primarily localized in the upper respiratory tract during its primary replication?

<p>Rotaviruses (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the presence of virus in the blood after spread and further replication, at a higher concentration?

<p>Secondary viremia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the mechanisms for spread of viruses throughout the host?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the selectivity of productive infection (tropism) of viruses in certain tissues?

<p>The selectivity of productive infection is TROPISM Factors Cellular receptors iii Host cellular proteases Temperature of replication pH lability Cellular transcription factors Anatomic barriers: cells must be physically accessible to the virus Local intrinsic and innate immune defenses Antibody and cellular immune response Eventual outcome depends on balance between: Clearance by host vs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether a viral infection remains local or becomes systemic during primary replication?

<p>Host immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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