23 Questions
Which type of response is specific to the virus?
Adaptive response
What is the term for the release of infectious virus from an infected host?
Viral shedding
What type of transmission is most common for viruses?
Horizontal transmission
What outcome of viral infection involves the presence of viral genome with no active replication?
Latent/Subclinical infection
Which method primes the adaptive immune system to prevent viral infections?
Vaccination
Which type of vaccine uses live attenuated viruses?
'Live attenuated' vaccine
'Selective toxicity' in antiviral agents refers to their ability to:
Target specific viruses without harming host cells
What is the primary characteristic of viruses?
They are acellular and nonliving
What is the structure of a virion?
Genetic material surrounded by protein capsid and may have an envelope
Which Baltimore class includes HIV?
- ss RNA with RT (Class VI)
What is the primary function of viral capsid?
Protection of the virus genome
How many structural units (capsomeres) typically make up a viral capsid with icosahedral symmetry?
20 triangular faces, 12 vertices, 30 edges
Which type of nucleic acid does Hepatitis B virus contain?
ds DNA with RT (Class VII)
What is the host range of viruses?
Viruses can infect bacteria, plants, fungi, insects, animals, and humans.
What is the characteristic feature of retroviruses?
They contain + ss RNA with reverse transcriptase (RT).
Which step in viral pathogenesis involves the release of the virus through cell lysis or budding?
Release
What determines the severity of viral disease?
Host response to infection
Which type of transmission is associated with viral entry through ingestion of contaminated food and water?
Feco-oral transmission
Which virus is primarily localized in the upper respiratory tract during its primary replication?
Rotaviruses
What is the term for the presence of virus in the blood after spread and further replication, at a higher concentration?
Secondary viremia
What are the mechanisms for spread of viruses throughout the host?
All of the above
What factors contribute to the selectivity of productive infection (tropism) of viruses in certain tissues?
The selectivity of productive infection is TROPISM Factors Cellular receptors iii Host cellular proteases Temperature of replication pH lability Cellular transcription factors Anatomic barriers: cells must be physically accessible to the virus Local intrinsic and innate immune defenses Antibody and cellular immune response Eventual outcome depends on balance between: Clearance by host vs.
What determines whether a viral infection remains local or becomes systemic during primary replication?
Host immune response
Explore the fundamental concepts of human viruses, including viral structure, pathogenesis, outcomes of viral infections, and control of viral infection. This presentation covers the definition of viruses, steps in viral pathogenesis, and the control and management of viral infections.
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