Understanding Human Behaviour through Scientific Research

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Questions and Answers

Match the following research methods with their primary characteristics:

Scientific observation = Requires special training and knowledge Introspection = Access to understanding oneself Active observation = Involves direct participant in the events Survey = Obtains information using questions and answers

Match the following types of observation with their descriptions:

Passive observation = Maintains an optimum distance from events Active observation = Involves mixing with the event under study Introspection = Self-examination of thoughts and feelings Scientific observation = Systematic and planned observation

Match the following survey methods with their primary advantages:

Verbal survey = Allows deeper insight into human psychology Written survey = Reaches more people in a relatively short time Structured interview = Provides clear response options Unstructured interview = Allows for open-ended questions

Match the following research methods with their primary limitations:

Written survey = Cannot observe participant's reaction to questions Verbal survey = Requires more time to conduct Passive observation = May have little impact on the events under study Scientific observation = Requires special training and knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of questions with their descriptions:

Closed-ended questions = Provides limited alternative responses Open-ended questions = Allows for free response Structured interview = Provides clear response options Unstructured interview = Allows for flexible questioning Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research methods with their primary goals:

Scientific observation = To obtain a result through systematic observation Introspection = To understand oneself and others better Survey = To study people's patterns of opinions and attitudes Passive observation = To record activities without personal interpretation Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of observation with their primary characteristics:

Introspection = Self-examination of thoughts and feelings Active observation = Involves direct participant in the events Passive observation = Maintains an optimum distance from events Scientific observation = Requires special training and knowledge Signup and view all the answers

Match the following survey methods with their primary applications:

Verbal survey = Studying people's behavior and actions Written survey = Reaching a large sample size quickly Structured interview = Measuring attributes like friendliness Unstructured interview = Exploring open-ended topics Signup and view all the answers

Match the following research methods with their primary outputs:

Scientific observation = Systematic and reliable data Introspection = Personal insights and reflections Survey = Information on people's opinions and attitudes Passive observation = Detailed records of events Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of questions with their primary uses:

Open-ended questions = Exploring topics in-depth Closed-ended questions = Measuring attitudes and opinions Structured interview = Gathering specific data Unstructured interview = Generating new ideas Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of psychological research with their descriptions:

Objectivity = Studies are free from biases Testability = Can be repeated to verify results Self-correction = Researchers revise understanding when errors are found Replication = Other studies can consistently verify results Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of psychological research methods with their definitions:

Subjective methods = Based on self-assessments or self-reports Objective methods = Independent measurements and observations Modelling methods = Simulations and representations of behavior Observational methods = Systematic observation of phenomena Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychological research techniques with their examples:

Observation = Analyzing behavior in a natural setting Survey = Collecting data through questionnaires Test = Standardized instruments measuring psychological traits Self-observation = Personal reflection on one's own experiences Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms related to human behavior with their descriptions:

Intrinsic factors = Internal influences on behavior Extrinsic factors = External influences affecting actions Bias = A subjective inclination affecting research outcomes Phenomena = Observable events or occurrences in psychology Signup and view all the answers

Match the following methods of studying behavior with their characteristics:

Self-assessments = Participants evaluate their own experiences Surveys = Gathering large amounts of data from many respondents Standardized tests = Comparing scores against established norms Systematic observation = Following a structured approach to observing behavior Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychological research goals with their descriptions:

Develop principles = Create generalizations from findings Test theories = Evaluate the validity of existing concepts Solve human problems = Apply findings to improve real-life situations Guide behavior = Provide insights to influence actions Signup and view all the answers

Match the following classifications of psychological research methods with their examples:

Objective methods = Controlled experiments with measurable variables Subjective methods = Interviews analyzing personal perspectives Modelling methods = Creating simulations of social interactions Qualitative methods = Analyzing non-numerical data such as interviews Signup and view all the answers

Match the following researchers' perspectives with their definitions:

Behaviorist perspective = Focuses on observable behaviors Cognitive perspective = Emphasizes mental processes in understanding behavior Humanistic perspective = Values individual experience and personal growth Psychoanalytic perspective = Considers unconscious motivations influencing behavior Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of psychological tests with their descriptions:

Subjective Test = Assessment scored based on personal judgment and opinions Objective Test = Assessment with specific correct answers and no personal interpretation Projective Test = Assessment using ambiguous stimuli and free interpretation by the participant Test-task = Obtaining information through analyzing specific tasks performed by the individual Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of experiments with their characteristics:

Laboratory Experiment = Conducted in controlled conditions using special equipment Natural Experiment = Conducted in ordinary life conditions without interference Standardized Test = Tool consisting of a set of items with agreed scoring criteria Psychological Modeling = Method used for clarity when other methods are difficult to apply Signup and view all the answers

Match the following psychologists/tests with their contributions:

Alfred Binet = Created one of the first intelligence assessment tests Rorschach Inkblot Test = Projective test that interprets ambiguous inkblots Thematic Apperception Test = Projective test that assesses imaginative interpretation of pictures Lusher Test = Projective test utilizing color choices to determine emotional state Signup and view all the answers

Match the following assessment methods with their focus:

Subjective Assessment = Focuses on quality appraisals and personal views Objective Assessment = Emphasizes direct measurable items with specific answers Test-task Assessment = Focuses on analyzing performance on specific tasks Modeling Method = Aims for understanding through clearer representation of phenomena Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychological tool types with their scoring methods:

Subjective Tests = Scored by appropriateness or quality of responses Objective Tests = Marked based on definitive correct answers Projective Tests = Involves researcher interpretation of responses to unstructured stimuli Test-tasks = Judged based on completion and performance of specific tasks Signup and view all the answers

Match the following testing characteristics with examples:

Standardized Instruments = Tests that have set criteria for scoring and evaluation Ambiguous Stimuli = Used in projective tests such as inkblots to gauge psyche Specific Correct Answers = Typical of objective tests like multiple choice questions Free Interpretation = Characteristic of projective tests allowing personal response freedom Signup and view all the answers

Match the following concepts with their correct definitions:

Psychological Experiment = Primary method for scientifically explaining phenomena Subjective Assessment = Utilizes personal views for scoring without objective criteria Objective Assessment = Involves no personal judgment in scoring Modeling = Involves clarity and comprehension when evaluating data Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their appropriate categories:

Intelligence Test = Type of test that assesses cognitive abilities Projective Techniques = Includes tests like sentence completion and word association Task Performance Assessment = Evaluates level of intellectual growth through done tasks Statistical Analysis Methods = Uses mathematical expressions to interpret results Signup and view all the answers

Match the following tests with their associated methodologies:

Lusher Color Test = Projective test utilizing color preferences for emotional insights Rorschach Test = Uses inkblots for psychological evaluation through interpretation Thematic Apperception Test = Evaluates personal dynamics through storytelling based on images Standardized Psychological Test = Requires specific responses with no ambiguity in items Signup and view all the answers

Match the following characteristics of experimental setups:

Controlled Experiment = Involves manipulation of variables in a laboratory Naturalistic Observation = Observes behavior in natural settings without interference Experimental Method = Employs systematic means to explain psychological phenomena Test-task Evaluation = Focuses on judging development levels of psychological traits Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Understanding Human Behavior

Various scientific methods are utilized to study and understand human behavior.
Research aims to develop principles, theories, and solve human issues, leading to reliable knowledge for guiding behavior.

Characteristics of Psychological Research

Objectivity: Studies are free from biases, testable, and replicable.
Self-Correction: Researchers revise understandings based on findings.
Independent Science: Psychology employs its own distinct methods for scientific studies.

Classification of Psychological Methods

Psychological research methods fall into three main groups: subjective, objective, and modeling.

Subjective Methods

Based on self-assessments or researchers' opinions.
Key methods include observation, surveys, and tests.

Observation

Systematic and purposeful perception of phenomena.
Types of observation:
- Introspection: Self-examination of thoughts.
- Active (Participant) Observation: Researcher engages in events observed.
- Passive (Non-Participant) Observation: Researcher maintains distance and records behavior without interference.

Survey

Method for gathering opinions, attitudes, beliefs, and values via questions.
Types of survey:
- Verbal (Oral) Survey: Involves face-to-face interactions, adaptable questions, but time-consuming.
- Written Survey: Reaches more people quickly but lacks interaction; uses questionnaires which can be closed or open-ended.

Test

Standardized psychological tools categorized into:
- Subjective Tests: Scoring based on personal judgment (e.g., essays).
- Objective Tests: Based on measurable and specific answers.

Objective Methods

Focus on measurement of observable behaviors and phenomena.

Experiment

Primary method in psychology for explaining origins and developments of phenomena.
Types of experiments:
- Laboratory Experiments: Controlled conditions with special equipment.
- Natural Experiments: Observe behaviors in natural settings without interference.

Tests

Objective tests assess psychological characteristics through specific items requiring correct answers, free of personal interpretation.
Projective Tests: Use ambiguous stimuli to interpret participant responses, requiring trained professionals for analysis (e.g., Rorschach test).

Modeling Methods

Used when traditional methods are challenging.
Incorporates various approaches, including:
- Mathematical: Utilizes statistical expressions and analyses.
- Cybernetics: Employs concepts from computer science for psychological problem-solving.
- Logical: Based on mathematical logic.
- Technical: Development of instruments for studying mental phenomena.

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