Understanding History: Methods and Importance

• History studies past events and their causes
• It is derived from the Greek word historia, meaning "knowledge acquired through inquiry or investigation"
• History is a continuous, systematic narrative of past events related to a people, country, or period

Importance of Studying History

• Studying history helps understand the past to interpret the present and prepare for the future
• It increases cultural awareness and appreciation
• Studying history guides present and future generations in avoiding past mistakes
• It promotes national identity and pride in being Filipino

Methods of Historiography

• The chronological approach arranges events in the order they occurred
• The thematic approach focuses on specific themes like politics, economy, or culture
• The comparative approach examines similarities and differences across time periods or civilizations
• The multidisciplinary approach uses psychology, political science, sociology, and economics to analyze history

Theories in Understanding History

• Arnold Toynbee's Challenge and Response Theory states history is shaped by how humans respond to challenges
• Karl Marx's Materialist Concept of History theorizes economic conditions determine the political and intellectual history
• Wilhelm Dilthey's Subjectivity of History posits objectivity in history is impossible, as interpretations are influenced by culture and personal perspectives
• Fernand Braudel's Historical Structuralism argues human actions are influenced by existing structures like laws and technological advancements
• George Wilhelm Hegel's World Spirit Theory declares history is driven by ideals like patriotism, heroism, and unity

National Identity, Patriotism, and Nationalism

• National identity is a shared sense of culture, history, and traditions that define a nation
• Patriotism is love and devotion to one's country, expressed through pride, support, and service
• Nationalism is a political movement advocating for a nation's independence and self-governance

Sources of Historical Data

• Primary sources are firsthand accounts from people who directly witnessed or experienced events
• Examples of primary sources include diaries, letters, official records, artifacts, photographs, speeches, and manuscripts
• Secondary sources analyze and interpret primary sources
• Examples of secondary sources include books, journal articles, documentaries, biographies, and commentaries
• Tertiary sources present summaries or condensed versions of primary and secondary sources
• Examples of tertiary sources are encyclopedias, almanacs, indexes, and handbooks

Historical Criticism

• Historical criticism evaluates the authenticity and reliability of historical sources
• External criticism examines the physical characteristics of a document to verify authenticity
• Internal criticism analyzes the content to assess accuracy, credibility, and bias

Site of the First Mass

• Jesuits' Labor Evangelica (1663) claims the first Mass was held in Limasawa
• Francisco Colin and Pedro Chirino claimed the first Mass was held in Limasawa
• Contradicting Version of Combes and Collins argues the first Mass was held in Butuan, opposing the Jesuits' claim
• Francisco Combes argued that the first Mass was held in Butuan
• Albo's Logbook & Pigafetta's Four Claims state the first Mass was held near the 9°N latitude
• The term "island" was used to refer to Limasawa
• The Spanish expedition made an alliance with a local leader
• Legazpi expedition later confirmed the Mass in Limasawa

Cavite Mutiny (1872)

• The Filipino viewpoint is that the Cavite Mutiny was a revolt by soldiers and workers against unjust taxation and forced labor (polo y servicios)
• The Spanish viewpoint is that the Cavite Mutiny a rebellion linked to secularization, used as an excuse to suppress reformists

GOMBURZA

• Mariano Gómez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora were three Filipino priests executed by garrote on February 17, 1872
• They were accused of instigating the Cavite Mutiny

Retraction of José Rizal

• José Rizal allegedly renounced his beliefs in a controversial document before being executed in Bagumbayan on December 30, 1896

Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin (1896)

• Katipuneros tore their cedulas as a symbol of revolt against Spanish rule
• Guillermo Masangkay states that the Cry of Balintawak happened on August 26, 1896
• Santiago Álvarez states that Pugad Lawin happened on August 23, 1896

Who is the Real First President?

• Arguments for Emilio Aguinaldo include establishing the First Philippine Republic in 1899 and being recognized by other nations as president

• Arguments for Andrés Bonifacio include leading the Katipunan and starting the revolution, and establishing Haring Bayang Katagalugan as the first Filipino government

• Ferdinand Magellan (1480-1521) was a Portuguese explorer who led the first circumnavigation of the world under Spain

Magellan's Fleet

• Magellan's fleet was comprised of five ships: Trinidad, San Antonio, Concepción, Victoria, Santiago

• On March 16, 1521, Magellan reached the island of Homonhon

• On March 17, 1521, Magellan officially arrived in the Philippines

Who are Rajah Humabon and Lapu-Lapu?

• Rajah Humabon, ruler of Cebu, allied with the Spaniards
• Lapu-Lapu, ruler of Mactan, resisted Spanish rule

Battle of Mactan (April 27, 1521)

• Magellan was defeated and killed by Lapu-Lapu and his warriors

Pacific Theory (Bailey Willis)

• The Philippine islands were formed by volcanic eruptions under the Pacific Ocean around 200 million years ago
• These eruptions caused the splitting of rocks, followed by the rise of land masses from the ocean
• Other countries affected by similar events include Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia, Solomon Islands, and New Zealand, forming the Pacific Ring of Fire
• The Philippines has 22 active volcanoes and experiences frequent earthquakes

Asiatic Theory (Dr. Leopoldo Faustino)

• Islands formed through diastrophism, a process involving the movement of the Earth's crust
• Diastrophism caused land masses to either rise or sink due to folding, faulting, and warping of the Earth

Wave of Migration Theory (H. Otley Beyer)

• During the Ice Age (Pleistocene Period, 1.8 million years ago) the Philippines was connected to mainland Asia via land bridges
• Waves of migration from Mainland Asia included the Negritos, Indonesians, and Malays
• Palawan and Borneo, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Asia, Borneo and Sulu-Mindanao, and New Guinea and Mindanao were the four land bridges

Theory of the Earth (James Hutton)

• Uniformitarianism states that geological processes shaping the Earth today have been consistent throughout history

• The theory opposed Catastrophism which claimed that only catastrophic events could alter the Earth's formation

• Continental Drift Theory (Alfred Wegener) suggests continents were once part of a supercontinent (Pangaea) that drifted apart over millions of years

• Fossil evidence, including tropical plant fossils found in Antarctica and glacial deposits in Africa, supports it

• Arthur Holmes' Convection Current Theory proposes convection currents in the Earth's mantle are caused by radioactive heat, led to the movement of continents

Lemuria/Mu Theory (James Churchward)

• Claims the Philippines is a remnant of the lost Pacific continent Lemuria (or Mu), which submerged due to natural disasters
• The Marianas, Java, Sumatra, Borneo, and other Pacific islands are other remnants

Tabon Man (Dr. Robert Fox)

• A skull cap was discovered in Tabon Cave, Palawan (1962)

• Tabon Man lived during the Stone Age and used stone tools

• H. Otley Beyer's Negritos was the first inhabitants of the Philippines who arrived via land bridges

• They are ancestors of the Aetas, Ati, and Agta tribes

• Dr. Armand Mijares' Callao Man had a foot bone discovered in Callao Cave, Cagayan (2007)

• Callao Man existed 20,000 years before Tabon Man and was identified using Uranium-Series Dating

Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) (Antoon Postma)

• The oldest written document in the Philippines, found in Laguna River
• It shows Tondo's chief pardoning a debt, proving pre-colonial civilization and economic transactions

Barangay System

• A small, independent political unit led by a Datu or Rajah

The Ten Bornean Datus and the Legend of Panay

• Datus Puti, Sumakwel, Bangkaya, Paiburong, Paduhinogan, Dumangsol, Libay, Daumangsil, Dumalogdog, and Balensuela migrated from Borneo, escaping Sultan Makatunaw
• They bartered Panay Island from the Aetas in exchange for a golden salakot

Traditional Filipino Communities

• Datu/Rajah was the ruler of the barangay, responsible for leadership and protection
• Sandugo (Blood Compact) was a symbolic ritual of peace and alliance

How Leaders Were Chosen

• Age must be at least 30 years old
• Must have physical strength to defend the barangay
• Leaders had to have inheritance and knowledge to understand customs and traditions

Social Classes in the Barangay

• Raja/Datu were supreme leaders
• Maharlika were nobles and relatives of the Datu
• Timawa was free citizens, warriors, and workers
• Alipin were slaves divided into Alipin Namamahay who lived independently but served a master and Alipin sa Gigilid who were house servants with no personal property

Pre-Colonial Dwellings

• Houses were made of bamboo, wood, nipa, and cogon grass
• Treehouses were used for protection from wild animals and houseboats were used by the Badjao or sea gypsies

Clothing and Ornaments

• Men wore Bahag (G-string), women wore Tapis (wrap-around skirt)
• People adorned themselves with gold jewelry, beads, and tattoos

Early Filipino Religion

• Animism is the worship of nature spirits and ancestors
• Major deities include Bathala (Tagalog) who was the supreme god, Kabunian (Ifugao) who was the mountain god, and Anito who were nature spirits
• Superstitious beliefs include mythical creatures like Aswang, Kapre, Tikbalang, Tiyanak, and Dwende
• Early Filipino Writing used Baybayin, an ancient script similar to Sanskrit, and was written on bamboo and palm leaves
• Economy During Pre-Hispanic Time's main livelihood was farming, fishing, hunting, and barter trade
• First foreign traders were Chinese (Tang Dynasty, 618-907 AD) and Arabs (1380s)

Music and Dance

• Instruments include Kudyapi (lute), Kalaleng (nose flute), Gangsa (gong), and Batikok-kok (bamboo drum)
• Dances include Dugso (Bukidnon) and Salip (Kalinga), and Idaw (Cordillera) and Binaylan Banog (Misamis Oriental), and Banga (Ifugao) and Singkil (Mindanao) and Kadahal Taho (South Cotabato)

The Five Spanish Expeditions

• Fray Garcia Jofre de Loaisa (1525)

• Sebastian Cabot (1526)

• Alvaro de Saavedra (1527)

• Ruy Lopez de Villalobos (1542) named Leyte and Samar "Las Islas Filipinas"

• Miguel Lopez de Legazpi (1564) established Spanish rule in the Philippines

• The Galleon Trade was a Spanish monopoly from 1565 to 1815, using Galleon Ships to trade goods between Acapulco, Mexico, and Manila

Encomienda System

• Spanish officials called Encomenderos (Adelantos) ruled provinces, collected taxes, and converted natives to Christianity

Spain's Policies in the Colony

• Reducción forced natives to live in centralized towns called pueblos
• Polo y Servicio forced labor of Filipino men for 40 days annually
• Tributo was taxation imposed on Filipinos for Spanish rule
• Instrucción was a Catholic education led by friars

Six Catholic Religious Orders

• Augustinians (1565)
• Franciscans (1578)
• Jesuits (1581)
• Dominicans (1587)
• Recollects (1606)
• Benedictines (1895)

Spanish Government Structure

• Governor-General was the supreme ruler representing the King of Spain
• Royal Audiencia was the highest court of justice
• Alcaldia (Provinces) was ruled by an Alcalde Mayor
• Corrigimiento (Uncontrolled areas) was Governed by Corregidores
• Ayuntamiento (City Government) was led by an Alcalde
• Municipal (Pueblo de Indios) was Governed by a Gobernadorcillo

Foreign Invasions During Spanish Rule

• Chinese Pirate Limahong (1574) attempted to capture Manila but was repelled
• Dutch Naval Attacks (1646) were defeated by Spanish-Filipino forces in the Battle of La Naval
• British Invasion (1762-1764) occupied Manila for 20 months during the Seven Years' War
• Portuguese Dispute Portugal contested Spain's claim over the Philippines

Tribute from the Natives

• Ancient Filipinos paid buwis (taxes) to their datu in exchange for protection
• During the Spanish era, Filipinos aged 16–60 had to pay tributo, amounting to eight reales (one peso) per year
• Forms of payment included gold, copper, textiles, rice, livestock, and forced labor (Polo y Servicio)
• In 1884, tribute was abolished and replaced by the cedula personal

Collectors of Tribute During the Spanish Period

• Cabeza de Barangay collected taxes from 40–50 families
• Alcalde Mayor (Alcaldias) collected taxes at the provincial level
• Corregidores (Petty Governors) collected taxes in smaller municipalities
• Gobernadorcillos, known as "captains," ensured proper tax collection in pueblos

What is a Cedula or Cedula Personal?

• It replaced tribute and was introduced in 1884
• A certificate of identification was required for all residents aged 18 and above, including Spaniards and foreigners
• Those without a cedula were considered undocumented and faced penalties

Reasons Why a Cedula Was Required

• Holding a government position
• Entering a municipal office
• Engaging in contracts (public or private)
• Filing claims or legal actions
• Enrolling in educational institutions
• Starting a business or profession
• Paying direct taxes
• Exercising civil rights
• Establishing identity
• Performing financial transactions
• Joining an association or industry
• Traveling beyond one's town
• Entering domestic service
• Applying for legal documents

Importance of Taxation Before and Today

• Used to fund government operations, infrastructure, defense, and public services
• In ancient times, taxes were used for the datu's protection and governance
• Taxation today funds education, healthcare, public utilities, and social welfare programs

Patriotism vs. Nationalism

• Nationalism is the desire for an independent nation, emphasizing self-rule
• Patriotism is a deep love for one's country expressed through values and beliefs

Significance of the Suez Canal to Filipinos

• It was built in 1859 and finished in 1869.
• The Suez Canal connected the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea, reducing travel time from the Philippines to Spain from two months to 30 days
• It allowed Ilustrados (educated Filipinos) to travel to Europe for studies, influencing the rise of Filipino nationalism

After the Revolution of Disgust in Spain (1868)

• Queen Isabella II was overthrown due to her extravagant lifestyle and high taxation
• Led by Francisco Serrano, Spain established a liberal republic

Carlos Maria de la Torre as Governor-General (1869-1871)

• Implemented liberal reforms, allowing freedom of speech and participation in governance
• Encouraged Filipinos to express grievances

Friars' Ownership of Hacienda in Calamba

• Rizal's family and Calamba residents fought Dominican friars over land ownership from 1887-1891
• The friars accused the residents of rebellion, leading to deportation

Regulars vs. Seculars Controversy

• Regular priests (Spanish friars) controlled parishes
• Secular priests (Filipino clergy) demanded equal rights in parish leadership
• The King of Spain issued a decree in 1774 supporting secularization, but Spanish friars opposed it
• GOMBURZA (Gomez, Burgos, Zamora) were executed in 1872 for supporting Filipino secular priests

Racial Prejudice

• Spaniards referred to Filipinos as Indios, considering them inferior

• They believed Filipinos lacked intelligence and were unfit for leadership roles

• The Propaganda Movement intended to expose Spanish abuses and advocate reforms in the Philippines during the late 19th century

Filipino Propagandists

• Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Plaridel) was a journalist and editor of La Solidaridad
• Jose P. Rizal (Laong Laan, Dimasalang) was a novelist, reformist, and leader of the movement
• Juan Luna was an artist and political activist, painted Spoliarium
• Felix Resurreccion Hidalgo was a painter and won silver medal at Madrid Exposition
• Graciano Lopez-Jaena was an orator and founder of La Solidaridad
• Mariano Ponce (Tikbalang, Kalipulako, Naning) was a historian and writer
• Dr. Pio Valenzuela was a Katipunan leader and editor of Kalayaan

Free Masonry in the Philippines

• Provided a secret platform for Filipinos to organize and discuss reforms away from Spanish authorities
• Led by Grand Master Miguel Morayta in 1889, it helped establish lodges in Spain and the Philippines

La Liga Filipina (1892)

• The movement was founded by Jose Rizal to promote reforms through unity
• Officers included Jose Rizal (Founder), Ambrosio Salvador (President), Agustin dela Rosa (Fiscal), Bonifacio Arevalo (Treasurer) and Deodato Arellano (Secretary)

Propaganda Newspapers

• Kalayaan was a Katipunan newspaper edited by Dr. Pio Valenzuela
• La Solidaridad publication of the Propaganda Movement.
• Diariong Tagalog was founded by Marcelo H. Del Pilar

Key Literary Works

• Key Literary Works include: Amor Patrio (Beloved Homeland) by Rizal and Los Viajes (The Travels) which discuss his work about the diaspora and Revisita del Circulo Hispano criticizing Spanish Rule

Revolutionary Newspapers

• Revolutionary Newspapers include La Independencia which was founded by Antonio Luna, and La Libertad which was founded by Clemente Zulueta

Impact of the Propaganda Movement

• It spread nationalist ideas and inspired Filipinos to resist Spanish rule

• Later many members of the movement Joined the Katipunan and the the Revolutionary Government

• The MIDTERM QUIZ covers people, places and time in history