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What provision allows for the protection of union or state personnel during martial law?
What major commission recommended non-partisan appointments for Governors in India?
When was the States Reorganisation Commission established?
Which was one of the first linguistic States formed after the Reorganisation Commission's recommendations?
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Which article allows the declaration of financial emergencies in Indian states?
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What distinguishes Jammu & Kashmir's status after independence regarding emergency declarations?
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Which major water dispute involves the sharing of the Kaveri river?
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Which state was formed in 2014 by dividing Andhra Pradesh?
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Which of the following states was NOT created on linguistic basis?
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What has been a significant outcome of the national movement in India regarding state formation?
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What was a significant factor contributing to the breakup of the USSR?
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Which country narrowly avoided a breakup between its English-speaking and French-speaking regions?
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What is a key feature of the federal system as per the Indian Constitution?
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Which aspect is crucial for the smooth functioning of a federation?
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What role does the judiciary play in a federal system?
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Which principle was emphasized by the Constituent Assembly while framing the Indian Constitution?
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What was the outcome of the understanding reached by Rajiv Gandhi regarding Chandigarh?
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What is a significant challenge faced by states within the Indian federal structure?
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What condition is necessary for a democratic government in a diverse society?
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How do real politics impact the functioning of a federation?
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What factor contributed significantly to the break up of the USSR?
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According to the principles of federalism, how should power be ideally shared?
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What role does the judiciary play in a federal system?
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Which principle did the Constituent Assembly prioritize while framing the Indian Constitution?
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What is the most critical aspect of the economic powers in the federal system adopted by India?
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What cultural characteristics help federations to operate effectively?
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What significant understanding did Rajiv Gandhi reach regarding Chandigarh?
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What outcome was observed in countries like Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia regarding federalism?
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What does the concept of federalism inherently recognize in diverse societies?
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How does historical context influence federalism?
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What has contributed to the increasing demands for statehood in India since the national movement?
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Which of the following accurately reflects the unique relationship between Jammu & Kashmir and the Indian Union post-independence?
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What was a notable recommendation of the Sarkaria Commission regarding Governors in Indian states?
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Which of the following statements best describes the evolution of federalism in India from 1990 onwards?
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How did the reorganisation of states in India primarily reflect the needs and aspirations of the populace?
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Which critical aspect of state relations can be inferred from the ongoing river disputes in India?
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What was one major consequence following the separation of Punjab and Haryana in 1966?
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What factor has primarily led to the tension in India's federal system regarding state formation?
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What does the differential treatment of states in India's federal arrangement signify?
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Study Notes
Federalism
- The collapse of the USSR was partly due to excessive centralization and a lack of autonomy for culturally diverse regions.
- Following the USSR's collapse, several other countries – Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Pakistan – also experienced divisions.
- Canada nearly faced a similar division between English-speaking and French-speaking regions.
- In India, federalism seeks to balance regional and national interests, recognizing diversity while maintaining unity.
- The Indian Constitution outlines the dual system of government with separate powers for the center and states.
- The Indian Constitution emphasizes cooperation between the center and states, recognizing regional and linguistic diversity.
- The Indian Constitution centralizes economic and financial powers in the hands of the central government.
- States have significant responsibilities but limited revenue sources.
- The Indian Constitution grants Parliament the authority to protect individuals in the service of the union or a state during martial law, further strengthening the Union government's powers.
- The Armed Forces Special Powers Act was enacted based on these constitutional provisions.
- India has experienced a more mature form of federalism since 1990.
- The role of Governors has been a contentious issue between the center and states.
- The Sarkaria Commission recommended non-partisan appointments of Governors.
- The use of Article 356 (President's rule) was more frequent after 1967, when non-Congress governments emerged in several states.
- The creation of new states has also been a source of tension in India's federal system.
- The Indian national movement promoted both pan-Indian unity and distinct regional identities.
- The States Reorganization Commission in 1953 recommended the formation of linguistic states.
- Several states were reorganized in 1956, including the creation of Gujarat and Maharashtra.
- The formation of linguistic states continues, as evidenced by the creation of Punjab and Haryana in 1966, new states in the Northeast region, and the recent formation of Telangana in 2014.
- Disputes over natural resources like water have tested the cooperative spirit of Indian states, as exemplified by the Kaveri and Narmada river disputes.
- Some regions continue to seek separate statehood, such as Vidarbha in Maharashtra.
- The judiciary plays a role in resolving legal disputes between states, but these disputes often have political implications and require negotiation and mutual understanding.
- Kashmir's special status has been a complex issue, resulting in a differential treatment compared to other states.
- Kashmir acceded to the Indian Union in 1947 following a tribal invasion from Pakistan.
- The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act came into effect on October 31, 2019.
Federalism
- The Soviet Union’s break-up in 1989 can be attributed to excessive centralization of power and the domination of Russia over other regions with distinct languages and cultures, like Uzbekistan.
- Former Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, and Pakistan faced similar divisions within their countries.
- Canada narrowly avoided a break-up between its English-speaking and French-speaking regions.
- In 1985, India’s Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi agreed to hand over Chandigarh to Punjab, a move not yet realized.
- Federalism is a system that accommodates two layers of governance: regional and national.
- A written constitution, considered supreme, outlines the dual system of governance and establishes the powers of both levels.
- An independent judiciary acts as an arbitrator to prevent conflicts between the central government and states.
- A culture of trust, cooperation, mutual respect, and restraint is crucial for a smoothly functioning federation.
- India’s Constitution recognizes regional and linguistic diversity, ensuring power sharing and regional autonomy.
- The Indian Constitution emphasizes unity while acknowledging diversity in its federal system.
- The Constitution grants the central government substantial economic and financial power, with states bearing significant responsibilities but limited sources of revenue.
- Articles 33 and 34 of the Constitution authorize Parliament to protect individuals serving the Union or a state during martial law, further strengthening the Union's power.
- The Armed Forces Special Powers Act is based on these provisions.
- The Indian political landscape has evolved toward a more mature form of federalism starting in the 1990s.
- The role of Governors has been a recurring point of contention between states and the central government.
- The Sarkaria Commission (1983-1988) recommended non-partisan appointments of Governors.
- Article 356, which allows for President's Rule in a state, was sparingly used before 1967 but saw increased use after that year, often when the ruling party at the center differed from the state's governing party.
- Demands for new states continue to arise, often fueled by cultural and linguistic identities.
- The Indian national movement led to a pan-Indian unity and fostered distinct identities within regions based on shared language, culture, and history.
- The States Reorganization Commission was established in 1953 to recommend the formation of linguistic states.
- The creation of linguistic states began in 1956 and continues today, exemplified by the formation of Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960, Punjab and Haryana in 1966, and Telangana in 2014.
- Regions and linguistic groups like Vidarbha in Maharashtra continue to pursue statehood.
- While the judiciary plays a role in resolving legal disputes, these disputes often carry political implications and are better resolved through negotiations and mutual understanding.
- Water scarcity has led to tensions between states, exemplified by the ‘Kaveri’ water dispute between Tamil Nadu and Karnataka and the Narmada river water sharing disagreement between Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Maharashtra.
- India's unique federal arrangement grants differential treatment to various states.
- Immediately after independence, Pakistan sent infiltrators from its territory into Kashmir, compelling the Maharaja to seek help from India and accede to the Indian Union.
- Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) possessed unique provisions within the Indian federation:
- No emergency could be declared due to internal disturbances in J&K without its government's consent.
- The central government lacked authority to impose financial emergency on the state.
- The state was exempt from the Directive Principles of State Policy.
- Amendments to the Constitution required J&K's government's concurrence to apply in the state.
- The Jammu and Kashmir Reorganization Act came into effect on October 31, 2019.
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Description
This quiz explores the concept of federalism, focusing on its application in India as outlined in the Indian Constitution. It discusses the balance between regional autonomy and national unity, as well as the challenges highlighted by various historical contexts, including the collapse of the USSR and regional divisions in other countries.
