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Understanding Dopamine Spikes and Learning

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Understanding Dopamine Spikes and Learning

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between endorphins and exogenous opioids like morphine?

Endorphins are artificially produced, while exogenous opioids are naturally produced.

Endorphins lead to intense effects, while exogenous opioids have milder effects.

Endorphins have a higher addiction potential, while exogenous opioids have a lower addiction potential.

Endorphins bind to surface receptors, while exogenous opioids bind internally within the cell. (correct)

What can lead to an increase in the reward value of cues associated with drugs of abuse?

Observing others' non-prejudiced behaviors

Binding of opioids to surface receptors

Positive reinforcement from family members

Generation of larger 'better than expected' signals compared to natural rewards (correct)

How can operant conditioning influence prejudiced behaviors according to the text?

Association of negative stereotypes with certain groups

Decrease in fear beliefs through positive counterconditioning

Reinforcement by social rewards or relief from threats (correct)

Observational learning from family members

What can lead individuals to imitate prejudiced behaviors, as discussed in the text?

Seeing others being praised for expressing prejudiced attitudes Signup and view all the answers

How do people develop fear responses towards certain groups according to the text?

Repeating negative experiences with a certain group Signup and view all the answers

What was highlighted by the Dunn and Askew (2013) study regarding fear beliefs in children?

'Better than expected' signals persist over successive encounters. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of dopamine spikes in learning?

Facilitating the reinforcement of neural connections Signup and view all the answers

What does prediction error refer to?

The discrepancy between expected and actual outcomes Signup and view all the answers

How does the magnitude of dopamine spikes relate to prediction error?

It correlates positively with prediction error magnitude Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of excessive dopamine spikes in response to addictive substances like opioids?

Contribution to addiction by reinforcing associations between substances and rewards Signup and view all the answers

When do dopamine spikes occur in response to unexpected rewards?

Before learning has occurred Signup and view all the answers

What happens to dopamine spikes after learning has occurred?

They become more associated with cues or predictors of rewards Signup and view all the answers