Understanding Dopamine Spikes and Learning
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary difference between endorphins and exogenous opioids like morphine?

  • Endorphins are artificially produced, while exogenous opioids are naturally produced.
  • Endorphins lead to intense effects, while exogenous opioids have milder effects.
  • Endorphins have a higher addiction potential, while exogenous opioids have a lower addiction potential.
  • Endorphins bind to surface receptors, while exogenous opioids bind internally within the cell. (correct)

    • What can lead to an increase in the reward value of cues associated with drugs of abuse?

  • Observing others' non-prejudiced behaviors
  • Binding of opioids to surface receptors
  • Positive reinforcement from family members
  • Generation of larger 'better than expected' signals compared to natural rewards (correct)

    • How can operant conditioning influence prejudiced behaviors according to the text?

  • Association of negative stereotypes with certain groups
  • Decrease in fear beliefs through positive counterconditioning
  • Reinforcement by social rewards or relief from threats (correct)
  • Observational learning from family members

    • What can lead individuals to imitate prejudiced behaviors, as discussed in the text?

    <p>Seeing others being praised for expressing prejudiced attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do people develop fear responses towards certain groups according to the text?

    <p>Repeating negative experiences with a certain group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was highlighted by the Dunn and Askew (2013) study regarding fear beliefs in children?

    <p>'Better than expected' signals persist over successive encounters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of dopamine spikes in learning?

    <p>Facilitating the reinforcement of neural connections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does prediction error refer to?

    <p>The discrepancy between expected and actual outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the magnitude of dopamine spikes relate to prediction error?

    <p>It correlates positively with prediction error magnitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of excessive dopamine spikes in response to addictive substances like opioids?

    <p>Contribution to addiction by reinforcing associations between substances and rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When do dopamine spikes occur in response to unexpected rewards?

    <p>Before learning has occurred</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to dopamine spikes after learning has occurred?

    <p>They become more associated with cues or predictors of rewards</p> Signup and view all the answers

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