Understanding Domestic Violence and Stigma

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Questions and Answers

What is a significant consequence of food insecurity on health?

Contributes to stress and poor diet quality (correct)

Reduced incidents of chronic diseases

Increased access to healthy food options

Improved mental health outcomes

Which factor is least likely to influence mental health according to socioeconomic determinants?

Neighborhood conditions

Low education levels

Health care access

Genetic predisposition (correct)

Which racial group has the lowest reported rates of major depressive episodes?

American Indian/Alaskan Native

Hispanic

African American

Asian (correct)

What is a common risk factor for obesity in low-income communities?

Reliance on calorie-dense, nutritionally poor foods Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the stages of schizophrenia that occurs between the ages of 12-18?

Prodromal phase Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does not contribute to the medicalization of mental health treatment?

Community-based treatments Signup and view all the answers

What is a major impact of economic instability on health?

Higher levels of food insecurity Signup and view all the answers

Which age group experiences the acute stage of schizophrenia?

18-24 years Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant factor contributing to chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes?

Tobacco use Signup and view all the answers

Which socioeconomic factor is linked to health disparities and increased disease risk?

Access to healthcare Signup and view all the answers

Which region in the United States is noted to have the highest burden of chronic disease?

Southeast Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of obesity is indicated by a Body Mass Index (BMI) of 30 or higher?

Obese Signup and view all the answers

What does 'risk' signify in the context of Giddens and Beck's theories?

A mechanism to govern insecurities Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors might contribute to racialized health risks?

Healthcare quality and access Signup and view all the answers

What principle asserts that new products must be proven safe before being released to the public?

Precautionary principles Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the rapid growth of obesity rates in the population?

Poor nutrition Signup and view all the answers

What was a direct outcome of the Love Canal incident in 1978?

Health crises and evacuation due to toxic waste Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes the purpose of CERCLA established in 1980?

To provide a comprehensive response for environmental cleanup Signup and view all the answers

What does the Hazardous Ranking System (HRS) established in 1982 evaluate?

Environmental hazard of sites for cleanup priorities Signup and view all the answers

How did the environmental justice movement, beginning in 1982, address systemic racism?

By highlighting disparities in environmental conditions among different racial groups Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred in 2005 that raised awareness about systemic risks to health and the environment?

Hurricane Katrina impacting New Orleans Signup and view all the answers

Which chronic disease is most often associated with socioeconomic health inequalities?

Diabetes Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of public health does the obesity prevalence trend primarily affect?

Healthcare costs and chronic diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chronic diseases is often associated with geographical disease burden?

Asthma in urban areas Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Domestic Violence

Cycle of Violence (Power and Control Wheel): Involves intimidation, harassment, isolation, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, power and control, physical abuse, gaslighting, degradation, humiliation, verbal abuse, violation of personal boundaries, and economic abuse including threats and using technology and male privilege.
The Woman on the Bridge & Viewing a Tragic Case Through the Eyes of Investigators: Articles detailing domestic abuse cases, including examples of intimidation, emotional abuse, isolation, and gaslighting tactics.

Chronic Disease and Disability

Stigma (Goffman): An attribute discredited by society leading to rejection, impacting a person's identity. Stigmatized individuals (those with the attribute) often interact with "normals" (without the attribute) and "wise" (normals considered knowledgeable about their condition).
Nagi's Disablement Process: A model describing the path from pathology to disability, including impairment, functional limitation, and disability, at various levels (organ, person, societal). Chronic healthcare conditions play a vital role in this process.
Ranking of Chronic Diseases: Leading chronic diseases (heart disease, cancer, diabetes) disproportionately impact certain states, with notable mortality rates from heart disease, stroke, and obesity in southern states.
Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases: Tobacco use, poor nutrition, physical inactivity, alcohol contribute significantly.
Racial Health Differences: Socioeconomic inequality (poverty, education), healthcare quality and access, and chronic stress related to discrimination explain disparities between different races.
Geographic Disease Burden: Southeastern United States experiences the highest disease burden.

Nutrition/Obesity/Diabetes

Risk Factors for Obesity and Diabetes: BMI of 30 or higher signifies obesity. World obesity prevalence, especially childhood obesity has increased since the 1960s.
Risks of Obesity and Diabetes: Shrinking life expectancy, enormous economic burden, and increased death rate from all causes and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Higher relative risk of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and diabetes.
Mitigating Diabetes: Weight loss, healthy eating (avoiding ultra-processed foods), and exercise are critical.
Medicalization of Obesity: Obesity was historically viewed differently, with a shift toward medical intervention, driven by various factors including economic, treatment, and research incentives, and societal factors.

Mental Health

Mental Health Expenditure Trends (1986-2014): Significant increases in mental health expenditures; a decrease in inpatient care and a rise in outpatient care became a significant trend.
Suicide Rates: Males tend to have higher suicide rates overall, while American Indian/Alaska Native individuals have higher rates than other races.
Social Determinants of Mental Health: Economic instability (poverty, unemployment), low education, poor access/quality of healthcare, discrimination, and stigma are crucial factors.
Schizophrenia Stages: Prodromal (12-18 years), acute (18-24 years), and residual (chronic, beyond 24 years).
Mental Health Illnesses & DALYs: Depression, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia significantly contribute to DALYs (Disability-Adjusted Life Years), measuring the burden of disease.
Mental Illness Differences: Differences exist concerning diagnoses in men, women, and teens, as well as between races and age groups.

Pharmaceuticalization/Medical Devices

Drug Trial Phases: Preclinical, phase I, II, III, and post-marketing phases to evaluate safety and efficacy, involving different groups of participants. Significant factors include the influence of pharmaceutical industry marketing.
Medical Device Classes: Class I (low risk), Class II (moderate risk), and Class III (high risk), representing varying degrees of potential harm.
U.S. vs. EU Medical Device Approval Processes: The FDA prioritizes safety and efficacy. The EU focuses on demonstrated safety and performance.
Pharma Regulation History: Regulators often identify hazards after products are released into the market
Differences in Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Regulation: Medical Devices have different efficacy dynamics compared to pharmaceuticals (can't always evaluate using RCTs), product life cycles are typically shorter, there are more stakeholders involved in the decision-making process, and the sales/marketing models are also different.

Environment, Exposure, and Health

Environmental Justice: Fair treatment and involvement of all people with environmental and health hazards, and equal access to the decision-making process.
Environmental Racism: Racial discrimination in environmental policy, enforcement, and targeting of communities of color.
EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals): Chemicals disrupting hormonal systems, found in plastics, pesticides, industrial chemicals, and personal care products.
Superfund Sites: Contaminated areas needing cleanup identified by EPA.
Environmental Events: Examples like Love Canal, CERCLA, and the BP Oil Spill underscore the need for environmental protection. Highlighting various historical and contemporary environmental events.
Brownfields Initiative: The initiative aims to re-develop contaminated sites.
Risk Stratification: Risk is often unevenly distributed in populations based on class, race, gender, geography, and occupation.

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Description

This quiz explores the complex issues surrounding domestic violence, including the cycle of violence and personal narratives from investigators. It also delves into chronic diseases and disabilities, focusing on societal stigma and the impact on identity as described by theorists like Goffman.