Understanding Depressive Disorders
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary genetic factor associated with sensitivity to cannabis use in relation to schizophrenia?

  • Gly allele
  • Val allele (correct)
  • Ala allele
  • Met allele

Schizophrenia is considered a singular disorder with one specific cause.

False (B)

What term describes the potential of schizophrenia to encompass various types of the disorder in the future?

umbrella term

The term __________ refers to the phenomenon where multiple factors lead to the same disorder.

<p>equifinality</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following treatments of schizophrenia with their respective categories:

<p>Medications = Biological treatment Psychological Treatments = Therapeutic intervention Extrapyramidal Symptoms = Side effects from medications Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome = Severe reaction to antipsychotic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of a Major Depressive Episode if untreated?

<p>8 months (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Dysthymic Episode is characterized by high levels of depression that are short-term.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one psychological theory of depression.

<p>Lewisohn's Behavioral Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Persistent Depressive Disorder is diagnosed when symptoms last for at least _____ years.

<p>2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their descriptions:

<p>Melancholic depression = A subtype characterized by severe, consistent melancholia Prolonged Grief Disorder = Grieving that lasts longer than expected after loss Major Depressive Disorder = A common mental illness characterized by persistent sadness Dysthymic Episode = Chronic low-level depression lasting for years</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do stressful life events relate to depression?

<p>They can interact with genetic factors to predict symptoms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Biological theories of depression focus solely on genetic factors.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The interaction of a long/long allele with stressful life events can result in _____ symptoms of depression.

<p>lower</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Cluster A personality disorders?

<p>Narcissistic Personality Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Borderline Personality Disorder is characterized by instability in relationships, self-image, and emotions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What personality disorder is genetically related to schizophrenia?

<p>Schizotypal Personality Disorder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Avoidant Personality Disorder is characterized by a fear of _____

<p>criticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the personality disorder with its description:

<p>Histrionic = Seeks attention through theatrical behavior Antisocial = Disregards others' rights Dependent = Requires excessive need for support Narcissistic = Inflated sense of self-importance</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which personality disorder is more commonly diagnosed in women?

<p>Histrionic Personality Disorder (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Narcissistic Personality Disorder individuals often seek therapy voluntarily due to their self-awareness of their issues.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one essential feature of Cluster C personality disorders.

<p>Anxiety or fearfulness</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by low grade depression and hypomania?

<p>Cyclothymia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Bipolar I disorder is defined by the presence of major depression and hypomania.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name the three types of bipolar disorders in order of increasing severity.

<p>Cyclothymia, Bipolar II, Bipolar I</p> Signup and view all the answers

Major depression and ____ is classified as bipolar II.

<p>hypomania</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following bipolar disorder types with their characteristics:

<p>Bipolar I = Includes at least one manic episode Bipolar II = Includes at least one hypomanic episode Cyclothymia = Characterized by periods of hypomania and mild depressive symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a manic episode?

<p>A period of elevated mood and increased energy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Seasonal affective disorder is a form of bipolar disorder.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the typical age ranges for the onset of schizophrenia in men and women?

<p>Men: 18-25; Women: 25-35</p> Signup and view all the answers

The typical symptoms of schizophrenia in men often include more ____ symptoms.

<p>negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding the genetic risk factors for schizophrenia?

<p>Monozygotic twins have a higher concordance rate than dizygotic twins. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Schizophreniform disorder and brief psychotic disorder share similarities.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the unique feature of schizoaffective disorder?

<p>Symptoms of both schizophrenia and mood disorder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In schizophrenia, negative symptoms are characterized by ____ deficits.

<p>behavioral</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Gene-Environment Interaction (GxE)

How genes and the environment interact to influence a person's traits or disorders.

Etiology of Schizophrenia (NTs)

The cause of schizophrenia, including neurotransmitters.

Etiology of Schizophrenia (Brain Structure & Function)

The cause of schizophrenia, looking at the brain's parts and how they work.

Equifinality (Schizophrenia)

Different paths can lead to the same disorder (like Schizophrenia).

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Treatment of Schizophrenia: Medications

Medical approaches to managing schizophrenia with drugs.

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Major Depressive Episode

A period of at least two weeks with significant depressive symptoms, like low mood, loss of interest, and sleep problems. It can last for several months if untreated.

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Dysthymic Episode

A chronic, low-level depression lasting for at least two years in adults, characterized by persistent sadness and low spirits.

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Persistent Depressive Disorder

A chronic type of depression that lasts for at least two years, characterized by the symptoms of dysthymia.

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Prolonged Grief Disorder

A disorder characterized by complex reactions to the death of a loved one that last for a long time.

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Gene-Environment Interaction (Depression)

The influence of genes and life experiences on developing depression. Certain genes might make a person more vulnerable to stress, and stressful life events may trigger depression.

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Cognitive Theories of Depression

Cognitive theories focus on how negative thoughts and patterns of thinking can contribute to and maintain depression.

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Behavioral Theories of Depression

Behavioral theories of depression propose that a lack of positive reinforcement and/or increase in punishing consequences can lead to depression.

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Melancholic Depression

A subtype of depressive disorder with specific qualities, such as severe loss of pleasure, early morning awakenings, and significant weight loss.

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Bipolar I Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by manic episodes, often accompanied by major depressive episodes.

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Bipolar II Disorder

A mood disorder with hypomanic episodes and major depressive episodes, but no full-blown manic episodes.

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Cyclothymic Disorder

A mood disorder with numerous periods of hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms that don't meet the criteria for hypomania or major depression.

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Mania

A period of abnormally elevated mood, energy or activity.

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Hypomania

A less severe form of mania, with elevated mood, energy or activity but does not involve significant impairment in daily functioning.

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Schizophrenia

A severe mental disorder characterized by distorted thinking, perceptions, and emotions.

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Negative Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Behavioral deficits observed in schizophrenia, such as flattened affect or alogia (poverty of speech).

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Positive Symptoms (Schizophrenia)

Abnormal behaviors or experiences present in schizophrenia, such as hallucinations or delusions.

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Age of Onset (Schizophrenia)

The typical age at which schizophrenia symptoms first appear—earlier for men, slightly later for women.

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Schizophreniform Disorder

A psychotic disorder with symptoms similar to schizophrenia but lasting for a shorter period.

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Schizoaffective Disorder

A disorder characterized by features of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder.

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Brief Psychotic Disorder

A sudden onset of psychotic symptoms, lasting for a short period.

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Delusional Disorder

A chronic mental disorder in which the primary symptom is one or more delusions.

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Genetics of Schizophrenia

A complex interplay of genetic factors, where having a family member with schizophrenia increases the risk.

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Personality Disorder: Inflexible

A personality disorder is defined by inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that deviate significantly from the individual's culture. These patterns cause distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.

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Cluster A Personality Disorders: Odd

Cluster A personality disorders are known for their odd or eccentric behaviors. Individuals with these disorders may display unusual thoughts, feelings, and ways of interacting with the world.

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Paranoid Personality Disorder

Characterized by a pervasive distrust and suspicion of others. Individuals with this disorder interpret others' motives as malevolent and constantly anticipate betrayal or harm.

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Schizoid Personality Disorder

Individuals with Schizoid Personality Disorder exhibit detachment from social relationships and restricted emotional expression. They often appear indifferent to others and lack close friends or intimate relationships.

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Schizotypal Personality Disorder: Risk Factor

People with Schizotypal personality disorder display eccentric thoughts and behaviors. They may have unusual beliefs, magical thinking, and difficulty with social interactions. This disorder shares some genetic factors with schizophrenia, making it a risk factor for developing schizophrenia later in life.

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Cluster B Personality Disorders: Dramatic

Cluster B personality disorders are characterized by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviors. Individuals with these disorders often have difficulties managing their emotions and maintaining stable relationships.

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Antisocial Personality Disorder

This disorder involves a disregard for social norms and the rights of others. Individuals with this disorder often exhibit deceitfulness, impulsivity, and a lack of remorse for their actions.

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Borderline Personality Disorder: Fear of Abandonment

People with borderline personality disorder experience intense fear of abandonment and emotional instability. They often engage in self-harm, have impulsive behaviors, and struggle with identity issues. This disorder is characterized by a lack of a stable self-image and intense, unstable relationships.

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Study Notes

Major Depressive Episode

  • Characterized by depressed mood, loss of interest/pleasure, and at least five additional symptoms.
  • Symptoms include insomnia or hypersomnia, changes in appetite, psychomotor agitation or retardation, feelings of worthlessness, and suicidal ideation.
  • Duration: at least 14 days.

Dysthymic Episode

  • Characterized by a low-level, chronic depressive mood.
  • Requires at least 3 of 7 additional symptoms for a minimum of 14 days.
  • Symptoms include poor/excessive appetite, disrupted sleep, lack of energy, low self-esteem, concentration difficulties, and hopelessness.

Persistent Depressive Disorder (PDD)

  • Either a major depressive episode or dysthymia.
  • Clinically significant distress or create impairment.
  • Duration: at least 2 years.

Prolonged Grief Disorder

  • After the death of someone close to the individual.
  • Intense preoccupation or yearning for the deceased.
  • Requires at least 3 of the specified additional symptoms for at least 1 month, during the first 12 months after the death of someone close to the individual.
  • Clinically significant distress orcreate impairment in important areas of life.

Psychological Theories of Depression

  • Psychodynamic: Focuses on unconscious conflicts, past experiences, and unresolved issues.
  • Behavioral: Focuses on maladaptive learning, and insufficient positive reinforcement.
  • Cognitive: Depression stems from negative or dysfunctional thought patterns.
  • Learned Helplessness: Individuals experience a lack of control or coping mechanisms.
  • Hopelessness: Individual views future as bleak or uncontrollable.

Biological Theories of Depression

  • Neurotransmitter Imbalance: Imbalance in neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine.
  • Brain Circuitry: Abnormal brain structure or function.
  • Neuroendocrine Influences: HPA axis dysregulation (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis).
  • Inflammation: Role of inflammation in triggering and maintaining depression.

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Psy405 Exam 3 Content PDF

Description

Explore the key features of various depressive disorders, including Major Depressive Episode, Dysthymic Episode, and Persistent Depressive Disorder. This quiz covers symptoms, duration, and the impact of these disorders on individuals, alongside a look at Prolonged Grief Disorder. Test your understanding of these crucial mental health topics.

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