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What component of culture involves the learning process through social interactions?
How do beliefs about ageing typically function within culture?
Which of the following statements is true regarding ageism in Western cultures?
What was a significant finding from the meta-analysis of attitudes toward ageing in different cultures?
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Which aspect concerning older adulthood declined according to the findings reported?
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How do negative beliefs about aging affect older adults' health and longevity?
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What percentage of over 65's in England reported experiencing age discrimination based on a larger study?
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In a longitudinal study, how much memory performance declined for those who held negative stereotypes about aging?
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What effect does 'elderspeak' have on older adults?
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What is a common outcome among older adults who internalize negative stereotypes about aging?
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What percentage of the non-Indigenous population aged 65+ is female?
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Which of the following language backgrounds is NOT mentioned as common among people aged 65+?
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What proportion of the older adults (65+) are born overseas?
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Which demographic group includes individuals from a refugee background?
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Among the following, which is a characteristic of the First Nations Peoples demographic?
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Which population characteristic is associated with first-generation migrants?
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What percentage of individuals aged 65+ are born in a non-English speaking country?
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Which of the following groups is characterized as having a monocultural background?
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What is the average age of migrants from Italy in the 65+ category?
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What role does the demographic change play in the characteristics of older adults?
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How are beliefs about ageing described in terms of their stability within culture?
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What is the primary finding regarding negative attitudes towards ageing in collectivistic cultures compared to Western cultures?
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What aspect of older adulthood does the content suggest is culturally reinforced, particularly in Western countries?
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How does holding negative stereotypes about aging affect memory performance over time?
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According to the provided information, what is a prevalent form of prejudice related to ageing?
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What is a consequence of interpersonal ageism as identified in studies conducted in England?
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What association was noted regarding older adulthood and certain characteristics in the findings from the meta-analysis?
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What effect do optimistic perceptions of aging have on longevity for individuals over 50?
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What is the potential impact of elderspeak on older adults’ self-esteem and behavior?
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What does internalized ageism entail for older individuals interacting with others?
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What percentage of the Indigenous population aged 65+ is female?
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Which of the following language backgrounds is most commonly spoken at home by people aged 65+?
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What is the average age of the Non-Indigenous population?
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Which of the following options best describes a characteristic of second-generation migrants?
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Which percentage reflects those aged 65+ who were born overseas?
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What is a notable demographic change regarding older adults?
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Which country represents 3% of the non-English speaking backgrounds of those aged 65+?
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Which of the following is true for refugees aged 65+?
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What percentage of the older adult population aged 65+ comes from a multilingual background?
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Which of the following pairs correctly distinguishes between Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations?
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Study Notes
What is Culture?
- Culture is all that individuals learn from others that endures to generate customs and traditions
- Culture shapes a variety of aspects of human lives
Culture and Ageing
- Social norms and values related to ageing are not stagnant; they shift and evolve over time
- Ageism is a culturally reinforced prejudice
- In many Western countries, ageing is associated with disgust
Ageism: The Impact on Older Adults
- Negative beliefs about ageing can have a detrimental impact on older adults' health and well-being
- Ageism can weaken the immune system and negatively affect life expectancy
- Negative stereotypes about ageing have been shown to impact memory performance
Optimism and Ageing
- A longitudinal study found that those with more optimistic perceptions of ageing lived about 7.5 years longer than those who were pessimistic
Internalised Ageism
- Individuals with internalised ageism actively try to separate themselves from other older people
- Internalised ageism can result in healthy individuals avoiding those that are not healthy
Interpersonal Ageism
- A study in England found that over 37% of those aged 65 and over had experienced age discrimination
- A smaller study found that 70% of participants reported experiencing some form of ageism
- Assumptions that older people are hard of hearing and ageist jokes are common examples of ageism
Elderspeak
- Elderspeak is the use of a childlike tone when communicating with older people
- Elderspeak can lower self-esteem and cause older people to question their abilities
- Exposure to negative stereotypes can result in decreased driving confidence and impact memory performance
Who are the People of Australia?
- The definition of ‘People of Australia’ is complex and encompasses various factors.
- These include Indigenous/non-Indigenous status, birthplace, citizenship status, generational migrant status, bicultural/multicultural status, religious affiliation, language proficiency, and refugee background.
Demographics of Culture in Australia (2016)
- First Nations Peoples: median age
- 20.3 years (males)
- 20.3 years (females)
- 1.9% males over 65
- 2.4% females over 65
- Non-Indigenous Population:
- median age 37.8 years
- 7.4% males over 65
- 8.3% females over 65
- CALD:
- 37% over 65 born overseas
- 20% over 65 born in a non-English-speaking country
- Most common non-English speaking countries are Italy, Greece, and Germany.
- Most common non-English languages spoken at home by people aged 65+ are Italian, Greek, and Chinese
Demographics of Culture in Australia (2021)
- 27.6% of Australians were born overseas
- Top 5 countries of birth:
- England
- India
- China
- New Zealand
- Philippines
- Top 5 languages:
- Mandarin
- Arabic
- Vietnamese
- Cantonese
- Punjabi
Cultural Values
- Cultural values are widely shared abstract ideas about what is good, right, and desirable
- Cultural values represent the goals that members of the collective are encouraged to pursue
- Personal values are cognitive representations of broad goals that motivate an individual's behavior
- Personal values are desirable, trans-situational goals that serve as guiding principles in people's lives
Cultural Values and Ageing
- Values influence thinking, feeling, and behaving in profound ways
- As we age, we endorse cultural values more, and our personal values are more strongly associated with broader value systems
Age Differences in Personality
- For years, personality was assumed to manifest the same across cultures
- Five Factor model is the usual way of collecting data to measure personality
- Interpersonal relatedness research on Chinese and Canadians in different age groups found that:
- Chinese exhibited more social reciprocity and adherence to norms and traditions than the Canadians in old age
- Older Chinese scored lower on optimism, compared to younger Chinese
- Older Americans scored higher on optimism, compared to younger Americans
Age Differences in Social Relationships
- A study of Chinese adults aged 18 to 91 years found:
- Individual differences in interdependence moderated age differences in social relationships
- A longitudinal study provided more evidence for the moderating role of values
- A negative association was found between age and the number of peripheral partners for individuals with low levels of interdependence
- More peripheral social partners were associated with decreased loneliness for individuals with high interdependence
Ageing Perceptions Across Cultures
- A cross-cultural study of college students from 26 cultures found cross-cultural consensus on the following ageing perceptions:
- Reductions in ability to perform everyday tasks
- Increase in wisdom
- Stability in family authority and life satisfaction
Culture and Ageing
- Culture is everything that is learnt by others and endures to produce customs and traditions
- Cultural beliefs about ageing are not fixed
- Cultural views on ageing shift and evolve and can be re-examined
- Ageism is a prevalent form of prejudice widely accepted in society
Ageism in Western Countries
- Ageing is associated with disgust
- Ageism is underpinned by culture
Ageism and its Impacts
- Negative beliefs about ageing can be damaging
- Negative beliefs impact health over time
- Negative beliefs affect lifespan
- Negative beliefs negatively affect the immune system
Negative Stereotypes' Impact on Memory
- Long-term research spanning 38 years suggests that individuals with negative beliefs about ageing experience a 30% decline in memory function.
Optimism's Impact on Lifespan
- A longitudinal study found that individuals over 50 with a positive outlook towards ageing lived approximately 7.5 years longer than those with a negative perspective.
Internalized Ageism
- Separating oneself from other older adults
- Healthy individuals avoiding those who are unhealthy
Interpersonal Ageism
- In England, 37% of individuals over 65 reported encountering age discrimination.
- A smaller study found that 70% of participants had encountered some form of ageism.
- Common examples include assumptions about hearing impairment and ageist jokes.
Elderspeak
- Using a childlike tone when communicating with older adults
- This can impact self-esteem and lead to individuals questioning their ability to complete tasks.
- Individuals exposed to negative stereotypes may experience decreased driving confidence and memory performance.
Demographics of Australian Culture
- Australia's diverse population includes a significant number of First Nations peoples, migrants, and culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) individuals.
- There are key differences in life expectancy for indigenous and non-indigenous Australians
- CALD individuals often face language barriers and lower socioeconomic status.
Government Initiatives for CALD Australians
- The Australian government has implemented initiatives like the EnCOMPASS program from the Federation of Ethnic Communities' Councils of Australia (FECCA).
- These aim to connect older CALD Australians with accurate information about their health and support services.
Cultural Values
- Cultural values are widely shared, abstract ideas about what is good, right, and desirable.
- They represent the goals that members of the collective are encouraged to pursue.
- Personal values are cognitive representations of the broad goals that motivate the behavior of individuals.
- Personal values are desirable and relatively stable attributes of individuals.
- They affect people’s choices and actions over time and across situations.
Indigenous Elders
- Indigenous Australians use a system of ‘eldership’ based on wisdom and knowledge.
- Cultural memory, languages, and knowledge are passed down to younger generations.
- There's a mismatch between how age and wisdom are perceived in traditional Australian culture and Western culture.
Migration and Ageing
- Waves of Australian migration have resulted in a diverse aging population with unique needs.
- Newly arrived or English-speaking migrants often face social isolation and difficulty accessing services because of language barriers.
CALD Ageing
- This group consists of a variety of individuals.
- The group faces greater language barriers and lower socioeconomic status.
- Mainstream services, including aged care, are often viewed with suspicion, less accessible, and less likely to meet their unique needs.
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Description
Explore the intricate relationship between culture and ageing, including how social norms shift over time and the impact of ageism on older adults. This quiz delves into personal beliefs and stereotypes associated with ageing, and how optimism can influence longevity. Test your understanding of these critical societal issues.
