Week 11 - Culture and Ageing 2023 Students PDF

Week 11: Culture 3012PSY and Ageing  Acknowledgement of Country We acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of the land on which we meet and pay respect to Elders, past, present and emerging, and extend that respect to all Aboriginal and T...

Week 11: Culture 3012PSY and Ageing  Acknowledgement of Country We acknowledge the Traditional Custodians of the land on which we meet and pay respect to Elders, past, present and emerging, and extend that respect to all Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. What is Culture? 3  What is Culture? “Culture, broadly conceived as all that individuals learn from others that endures to generate customs and traditions, shapes vast swathes of human lives” (Whiten, Hinde, Laland, & Stinger, 2012 p. 1) 1. Learning (enculturation and socialisation) 2. Behaviour transmission 4  Social norms and values Beliefs about ageing are not static Shift and evolve and Culture and can be challenged Ageing  One of the most Cultur socially accepted form of e of prejudice Ageis Ageism is a norm m in Ageing associated with disgust Weste Culturally reinforced rn Count ries  Collectivistic culture Meta analysis of 37 studies and 23 countries  Found attitudes were more negative overall then those from the West  Older adulthood was associated with wisdom Are attitudes  Attractiveness and ability to learn better in the declined East?  Negative beliefs can be hurtful and harmful Ageis Negatively affect health m: over time Effects life expectancy The Weakens the immune Impac system t on (Staudinger, 2015) Older Adults  Negative stereotypes Negati about ageing impacts memory ve 38-year longitudinal Stereo study Memory performance type declined 30% for those who held negative Threat ageing stereotypes Levy et al., 2011  Longitudinal study of people 50 and over  Those with more optimistic perception of ageing lived about 7.5 years longer than those that were pessimistic Optimism (Levy et al., 2002) “We oppress ourselves… either we try to avoid the ageing process, or we lose self-esteem because of the selves we feel we are becoming” Calasanti, 2005, p. 8 Internalised Ageism Actively trying to separate themselves from “other” older people Healthy people avoiding those that are not healthy Interpersonal Ageism In England – 7500 respondents (Rippon et al., 2014) 37% over 65’s had experienced age discrimination Smaller study – 70% reported experience with some form of ageism (Palmore, 2001) Assumptions that hard of hearing or ageist joke – most common Elderspeak Use of a childlike tone used to communicate with older people  Found to lower self-esteem  Cause older people to question their ability to accomplish a task  Start enacting the stereotype – talking and walking slower Exposure to negative stereotypes –  resulted in decreased driving confidence  Impacted memory performance Who are the Peoples of Australia? 15 Who are the Peoples of Australia? Indigenous / non-Indigenous Australian born / Not born in Australia Citizens or permanent residents / Other visa class holders First generation migrants / Second or subsequent generation migrants Bicultural or Multicultural / Monocultural Religious or ethnoreligious / Non-religious English as first language / English as second language Multilingual / Monolingual Refugee background / Non refugee background Asylum seeker / Non asylum seeker 16  First Nations Peoples; Mage 20.3 , 1.9% males 65+, 2.4% female 65+ Non-Indigenous population Mage 37.8, 7.4% males 65+, 8.3% female 65+ CALD Demogra 37% 65+ born overseas 20% 65+ born in a non-English speaking phics of country The most common non-English speaking Culture countries; (2016) Italy (3%) Greece (2%) Germany (1%) Italian, Greek & Chinese were the most common non-English languages spoken at home by people aged 65+ The demographics of older adults is changing: Fewer U.K. and European older adults More Asian and Middle Eastern older adults First Nations and Ageing Indigenous people were half as likely as non-Indigenous people to assess their health as ‘excellent’ or ‘very good’ Long-term health conditions affect 88% indigenous people 55+ Older Indigenous people have higher rates of disability than non-Indigenous people  27% 65+ need for assistance with ADLS compared with 19% of non- Indigenous  Less likely to access aged care services Life expectancy of Indigenous compared to non- Indigenous Life Expectancy (2015-2017) 83.4 80.2 Years 75.6 71.6 Indigenous Non-Indigenous Indigenous Non-Indigenous males males Females females Aust Bureau of Statistics https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/aboriginal-and-torres-strait- islander-peoples/life-tables-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-australians/ latest-release Indigenous Australian Older Adults Two models - Premature ageing - Valued for their contribution to transmitting culture, maintaining language and kin relations  Eldership – a role for Elders those with recognised wisdom, associated hip for with personal Indige aptitude than age nous Misunderstandings – relationship between Austral wisdom, cultural ians memory and chronological age According to the life course… Not discrete life stages Avoids simplistic notions of positive and negative experiences in later life “ Growing Old Well”  Interconnection between history, culture and context  History and life experiences  Traditional culture, language and expression  Family and relations  Work and vocation  Migration in Australia has occurred in waves, meaning communities age in different patterns depending on their migration history  The ‘ethnic aged’ population who Migrati are newly arrived or speak little English tend to be less integrated on and and more vulnerable  Less likely to have high language Ageing proficiency- often due to likelihood of migrating on family visas  Face higher barriers to adjustment and greater health risks  Less likely to engage in advanced care planning CALD Ageing Issues This group is not homogenous, although older Tend to have differing people from CALD backgrounds: cultural practices and face greater language have lower SES norms, leading to lack barriers of understanding of and barriers to service use This means mainstream services (including aged care) tend to be viewed more negatively, less accessible, less utilised, and less likely to meet their needs Australi Federation of Ethnic communities’ councils of an Australia (FECCA) Govern ment EnCOMPASS program – Initiativ connects older CALD Aussies to access accurate es for information CALD Australi ans ABS 2021 Data - Culture Aboriginal & Torres Strait Islander Population 812, 000 (3.2%) of the population identified as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander Source: ABS (2022) – 2021 Census  7.5% 29.2% 10.9% 5.2% 34.2% 8.1% 3.7% https://www.abs.gov.au/ articles/australia-aboriginal- and-torres-strait-islander- population-summary Ancestry Top 5 Ancestries (ABS, 2021): 1. English (33%) 2. Australian (29.9%) 3. Irish (9.5%) 4. Scottish (8.6%) 5. Chinese (5.5%) Source: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and- communities/cultural-diversity-census/latest-release  Cultural Diversity (ABS, 2021) 27.6%  born overseas Top 5 countries of birth: 1. England, 2. India, 3. China, 4. New Zealand, & 5. Philippines Top 5 languages: 1. Mandarin, 2. Arabic, 3. Vietnamese. 4. Cantonese, & 5. Punjabi Source: https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/people-and-communities/cultural-diversity-census/ latest-release  First Nations Peoples: median age 24 years (up from median age of 23 years in 2016), 4.2% aged 65-74 years, 1.7% aged >75 (ABS, 2021) Demogr Non-Indigenous population: m age 37.8, 7.4% males 65+, 8.3% female 65+ (ABS, aphics 2016) 23, 375, 947 persons identify as non-indigenous (ABS, of 2021) CALD (ABS, 2016): Culture 37% 65+ born overseas 20% 65+ born in a non-English speaking country (ABS The most common non-English speaking countries: 2016; Italian, Greek & Chinese were the most common non-English languages spoken at home by people 2021) aged 65+ The demographics of older adults is changing (ABS, 2016) Fewer U.K. and European older adults More Asian and Middle Eastern older adults Cultural Values What is important to us in life: At the collective level, cultural values are widely shared, abstract ideas about what is good, right, and desirable. They represent the goals that members of the collective are encouraged to pursue, and they serve to justify actions taken in pursuit of these goals At the individual level, personal values are cognitive representations of the broad goals that motivate the behavior of individuals. Personal values are desirable, trans- situational goals that serve as guiding principles in peoples’ lives that are relatively stable attributes of individuals. They affect people’s choices and actions over time and across situations. Cultural Values and Ageing Values impact our ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving in profound ways that is exacerbated over time; e.g.,  Influences on brain functioning; what we attend to, what we remember, how we see ourselves  Influences relationships and ways of seeing the social world; how we see our own ageing processes, our roles in and outside of the family, the place of older people in society As we get older, we endorse cultural values more and our personal values are more strongly associated with broader value systems Research with Anglo-Australian Chinese Australian older adults found:  They agreed on most aspects that determine successful ageing except; social support, autonomy, coping, and learning Cross cultural research:  Individualistic and collectivistic nations have similar ways of conceptualising social support in older adulthood (through children and family), but social networks among older adults decrease in individualistic societies and in collectivistic societies tend to be stable or increase Some Key Examples Virpi Timonen Trinity College Age Differences in Personality For years, personality was assumed to manifest the same across cultures Five Factor model – usual way of collecting data Interpersonal relatedness – tested Chinese and Canadians – young and old  Chinese exhibited more social reciprocity and adherence to norms and traditions than the Canadians in old age Optimism –  Older Chinese < younger Chinese  Older Americans > younger Americans Age Differences in Social Relationships Chinese – aged 18-91 yrs  Individual differences in interdependence moderated these age differences (Yeung, Fung & Lang, 2008)  Longitudinal study – evidence for the moderating role of values (Zhang, Yeung, Fung & Lang, 2011)  Negative associated between age and number of peripheral partners – if low level of interdependence  More peripheral social partners was associated with decreased loneliness – with high interdependence Ageing Perceptions Across 26 Cultures (Lockenhoff et al., 2009) College students (N = 3435) 26 cultures Cross cultural consensus 1. Reductions in ability to perform everyday tasks 2. Increase in wisdom 3. Stability in family authority and life satisfaction