37 Questions
What is the primary basis for professional cooking according to the text?
Procedures and methods
What is the definition of temperature according to the text?
Measure of molecular activity
What happens to molecules in solids when heat is absorbed?
They vibrate with more energy
In which century did chefs improve their knowledge of cooking theory and food science?
Twenty-first century
What are the components of foods mentioned in the text?
Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water, minerals, vitamins, and pigments
What are the heat-induced changes related to carbohydrates in foods?
Caramelization and gelatinization
Which food components undergo coagulation and Maillard reaction when heated?
Proteins
What type of heat transfer occurs through direct contact?
Conduction
Which form of heat transfer involves the movement of air, steam, or liquid?
Convection
What are emulsions mentioned in the text?
Mixtures of two normally unmixable substances like mayonnaise and vinaigrette
What happens to connective tissues in meats when cooked slowly with moisture or with acids?
They can be dissolved
What are the specific heat-induced changes related to carbohydrates mentioned in the text?
Caramelization and gelatinization
Which food components are essential for nutritional quality, appearance, and taste?
Minerals, vitamins, pigments, and flavor components
In what states does water exist in nearly all foods?
Solid, liquid, gas
What is the primary focus of sous vide cooking?
Precise temperature control
What is the critical safety factor for sous vide cooking related to food packing?
Chilling all food thoroughly before vacuum packing
In molecular gastronomy, what is the second definition related to?
Selective use of technology and nonstandard ingredients
What is the primary purpose of every ingredient in flavor building?
Every ingredient should have a purpose
When is the most important time for seasoning liquid foods?
At the end of the cooking process
What happens if herbs and spices are cooked for too long?
Their flavors are lost
What is the primary difference between herbs and spices?
Herbs come from temperate climates, spices from tropical climates
When should flavoring ingredients be added to release their flavors?
At the end of cooking process
What does molecular gastronomy focus on enhancing?
Flavors, aromas, appearance, and textures of natural foods
What should be considered when combining ingredients for flavor building?
Balance when contrasting ingredients, harmony when harmonizing them
When is simpler usually better in flavor building?
When enhancing primary flavors of main ingredients
What is the process that transfers heat from the heat source to the food?
Convection
What are the two kinds of convection mentioned in the text?
Natural and mechanical
What occurs when energy is transferred by waves from a source to the food?
Radiation
Which method involves the conduction of heat to the food product by water or water-based liquids?
Moist-heat methods
Which method involves hot air, hot metal, radiation, or hot fat?
Dry-heat methods
At what temperature does water boil at sea level?
212ºF (100ºC)
What occurs at a temperature of about 185ºF to 205ºF (85º to 96ºC)?
Simmering
What does cooking sous vide involve?
Vacuum-sealing food and cooking it in a water bath with precise temperature control.
When does infrared cooking occur?
When the radiation generated by the oven penetrates partway into the food and agitates the molecules of water.
What affects the time it takes to achieve doneness in cooking?
Cooking temperature, speed of heat transfer, and size, temperature, and individual characteristics of the food.
To which type of food does the term baking usually apply?
Breads, pastries, vegetables, and fish.
How are braised meats usually cooked?
Browned first using a dry-heat method, then finished with a moist-heat method.
Study Notes
Cooking Methods and Heat Transfer in Food Science
- Convection is the process that transfers heat from the heat source to the food, occurring when heat moves directly from one item to something touching it or from one part of something to an adjacent part.
- There are two kinds of convection: natural, where hot liquids and gases rise while cooler ones sink, and mechanical, where fans speed the circulation of heat in convection ovens and steamers.
- Heat transfer in cooking also involves radiation, which occurs when energy is transferred by waves from a source to the food, such as in broiling and microwave radiation.
- Cooking methods are classified as moist heat or dry heat, with moist-heat methods involving the conduction of heat to the food product by water or water-based liquids, and dry-heat methods involving hot air, hot metal, radiation, or hot fat.
- Dry-heat methods include baking, roasting, barbecue, pan smoking, broiling, grilling, griddling, pan-broiling, sautéing, pan-frying, and deep-frying.
- Moist-heat methods include boiling, simmering, poaching, blanching, steaming, cooking en papillote, braising, and stewing, each with specific temperature and cooking techniques.
- Water boils at 212ºF (100ºC) at sea level, and simmering occurs at a temperature of about 185ºF to 205ºF (85º to 96ºC).
- Cooking sous vide involves vacuum-sealing food and cooking it in a water bath with precise temperature control.
- Infrared cooking occurs when the radiation generated by the oven penetrates partway into the food and agitates the molecules of water, creating heat that cooks the food.
- The time it takes to achieve doneness is affected by cooking temperature, speed of heat transfer, and the size, temperature, and individual characteristics of the food.
- The term baking usually applies to breads, pastries, vegetables, and fish, while roasting usually applies to meats and poultry.
- Braised meats are usually browned first using a dry-heat method, then finished with a moist-heat method, and consist of large pieces of food, at least portion-size, cooked by the braising method.
Test your knowledge about the basic concepts of convection in food science, including the process of heat transfer and the different types of convection. Learn about natural and mechanical convection, and how they are applied in convection ovens and steamers.
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