Antibacterial stewardship

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Questions and Answers

What is the definition of contamination?

  • The damage caused to the body by an infection
  • The invasion and multiplication of pathogens in an organism’s body tissues
  • The non-intended introduction of infectious microorganisms and toxins (correct)
  • The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that selects for resistance

Which of the following is NOT a type of microorganism involved in contamination?

  • Bacteria
  • Yeast
  • Fungi
  • Antibodies (correct)

What is the primary difference between infection and disease?

  • Infection refers to the presence of microorganisms, while disease refers to body damage. (correct)
  • Disease occurs before infection.
  • Infection is only caused by bacteria, while disease is caused by fungi.
  • Disease can be treated with antibiotics, while infection cannot.

What is selective pressure in microbiology?

<p>The influence that favors the survival of certain microorganisms over others (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor of concern that exerts selective pressure on bacteria?

<p>Antibiotic exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does antibiotic resistance develop?

<p>It occurs when bacteria are exposed to antibiotics, giving resistant strains a survival advantage. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Minimal Selective Concentration (MSC) refer to?

<p>The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that selects for resistant mutants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is antimicrobial resistance?

<p>The ability of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites to resist antimicrobial agents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is antimicrobial resistance dangerous?

<p>It makes infections more difficult or impossible to treat, and increases the risk of disease spread, severe illness, and death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about antibiotic use is TRUE?

<p>Any use of antibiotics can create selective pressure and select for resistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the term to the appropriate definition.

<p>Antimicrobial = Substance from any source —&gt; against any organism Antibiotic = Substance from organism —&gt; against any organism Antibacterial = Substance that kills or inhibits bacteria Free bee = Free bee</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who or what becomes resistant to antibiotics?

<p>Bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a consequence of antimicrobial resistance?

<p>Faster recovery from infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do organ transplantations, chemotherapy, and surgeries become riskier due to antimicrobial resistance?

<p>They require antibiotics to prevent and treat infections, which may become ineffective. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method to reduce the spread of infections?

<p>Overprescribing antibiotics. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the One Health approach?

<p>An approach that optimizes the health of humans, animals, and ecosystems together (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can changes in human, animal, and environmental relationships increase the risk of disease spread?

<p>Through animal trade, farming, and urbanization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Interagency Coordination Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (IACG)?

<p>To make recommendations on sustainable development goals and reduce drivers of antimicrobial resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is antimicrobial stewardship?

<p>A strategy promoting responsible antimicrobial use to ensure sustainable access to effective therapy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT an action of antimicrobial stewardship?

<p>Promoting excessive antibiotic prescriptions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of antimicrobial stewardship for veterinarians?

<p>To preserve the effectiveness and availability of antimicrobial drugs through responsible decision-making (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an action veterinarians should take for antimicrobial stewardship?

<p>Commit to stewardship (A), Select and use antimicrobial drugs judiciously (B), Educate and build expertise (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is preventing disease occurrence important in antimicrobial resistance?

<p>It reduces the pressure to use antimicrobials therapeutically (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a basic method of disease prevention?

<p>Hygiene (A), Preventing disease occurrence (B), Studying the impacts of interventions to avoid unintended increases in resistance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is therapeutic antibiotic use?

<p>Treating sick animals or groups of animals based on a diagnosis of infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is metaphylaxis in antibiotic use?

<p>Treating a group of animals after diagnosing infection in part of the group to prevent further spread (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does prophylaxis differ from metaphylaxis in antibiotic use?

<p>Prophylaxis is used before any infection appears, while metaphylaxis is used when some animals in a group are infected. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using antibiotics for growth promotion?

<p>To increase the rate of weight gain and feed efficiency in animals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should narrow-spectrum antibiotics be prioritized?

<p>They reduce the disturbance to normal flora and decrease selective pressure. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When treating abscesses, when are antibiotics generally NOT necessary?

<p>If incision, debridement, and drainage can be performed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of applying local heat to an abscess?

<p>To promote abscess maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an appropriate management step for severe peritonitis?

<p>Performing abdominal lavage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How should effusive pleuropneumonia be managed?

<p>By using thoracic drainage and lavage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the use of tetracyclines for non-antimicrobial effects controversial?

<p>They have anti-inflammatory properties in vivo (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a controversial non-antimicrobial use of Polymyxin B?

<p>Preventing endotoxemia at low doses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in selecting an antibiotic for treatment?

<p>Using results from culture-susceptibility testing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a critical patient cannot wait for culture results, what is the best practice?

<p>Using a known first-line antibiotic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand the pharmacokinetics (PK) of antibiotics?

<p>To determine if the drug reaches the site of infection at effective concentrations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT considered when evaluating pharmacodynamics (PD) of an antibiotic?

<p>The patient's weight (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do breakpoints represent in antibiotic selection?

<p>The concentration at which bacteria are susceptible to successful treatment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When making a list of possible antibiotics for treatment, what is the first step?

<p>Selecting an antibiotic based on PK/PD properties (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After you’ve make your list based on PK/PD of the antimicrobial, what is the next step needed to select the antibiotic.

<p>Select which antibiotic should be efficacious in your practice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What other criteria may have to be taken in consideration when selecting antibiotics?

<p>Legislation and availability of labeled products</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is it appropriate to initiate antibiotic treatment before culture results are available?

<p>When there is evidence of life-threatening systemic disorders, such as sepsis or shock. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the presence of pus considered indicative of a bacterial infection?

<p>Pus consists of dead cells and bacteria, indicating an immune response to infection. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios does NOT warrant immediate antibiotic treatment, pending culture results?

<p>A patient with localized inflammation but no systemic signs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should a clinician remember when suspecting a bacterial infection?

<p>Pus is indicative of a bacterial infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of suspected bacterial infections, how should inflammation be interpreted?

<p>A non-specific sign that does not always indicate bacterial infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient presents with a localized abscess. When would it be most appropriate to initiate antibiotic therapy before culture results?

<p>If the patient exhibits signs of systemic illness such as fever and lethargy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is most indicative of a severe, life-threatening issue that warrants immediate antibiotic treatment?

<p>Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to differentiate between inflammation and bacterial infection before starting antibiotic treatment?

<p>Because inflammation can have non-bacterial causes, and unnecessary antibiotic use contributes to resistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to confirming a bacterial infection with culture results, in which instance should a veterinarian consider immediate antibiotic intervention?

<p>Severe respiratory distress, indicative of potential sepsis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Contamination

The unintended introduction of infectious microorganisms and toxins.

What are antibodies?

Substances produced by the body to fight infection; they are not microorganisms themselves.

Infection vs. Disease

Infection is the presence of microorganisms; disease is the damage to the body due to infection.

Selective Pressure

The influence that favors the survival of certain microorganisms over others in an environment.

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Antibiotic exposure in selective pressure

Exposure to antibiotics creates an environment where resistant bacteria are more likely to survive and reproduce.

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How antibiotic resistance develops

Bacteria randomly mutate, and some mutations confer resistance to antibiotics.

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Minimal Selective Concentration (MSC)

The lowest concentration of an antibiotic that still selects for resistant mutants.

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Antimicrobial Resistance

The ability of microbes to withstand antimicrobial agents that were previously effective.

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Dangers of Antimicrobial Resistance

Makes infections harder to treat, increasing risks of spread, severe illness, and death.

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Antibiotic Use and Resistance

Any use of antibiotics can create selective pressure, favoring resistant bacteria.

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Inflammation vs. Bacterial Infection

Inflammation alone doesn't indicate a bacterial infection; pus is a stronger indicator.

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When to use antibiotics before culture results?

Life-threatening systemic disorders like sepsis justify immediate antibiotic treatment, even before culture results.

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Study Notes

  • Antibiotics usage should be carefully considered when a bacterial infection is suspected but not yet confirmed.
  • Inflammation alone is not a definitive sign of bacterial infection; pus is a better indicator.
  • Initiate antibiotic treatment promptly if there is evidence of life-threatening systemic disorders such as systemic inflammatory response syndrome, endotoxemia, sepsis, or shock. This can be done even while awaiting culture results.

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