Understanding Colds and Flu Symptoms
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Questions and Answers

A sore throat caused by a cold is typically of moderate to severe pain.

False (B)

Antibiotics are effective in treating viral infections like the common cold.

False (B)

Increased fluid intake is recommended as a non-pharmacologic therapy for colds.

True (A)

A child can blow their nose effectively before the age of four.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chills, malaise, and arthralgia are common symptoms of the flu.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin C and Echinacea have been proven to speed up recovery from a cold.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It's possible to prevent every cold with effective methods.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Saline nasal sprays can help hydrate mucosal membranes during a cold.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A cold is a viral infection that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Rhinoviruses are responsible for most colds in both adults and children.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Phenylephrine has a high oral bioavailability of approximately 80%.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Coughing is a predominant symptom that appears within the first two days of a cold.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The flu is caused by bacteria.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mixed decongestants, such as pseudoephedrine, have both direct and indirect activity.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Influenza is generally associated with mild cold-like symptoms.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Intranasal decongestants are recommended for children over the age of 12 only.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Most colds resolve within one week.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ephedrine can be used up to four times daily for adults and children older than 12 years.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flu season usually occurs between July and October.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Topical decongestants can be safely used for longer than 5 days without any concerns.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is common for patients with a cold to experience a high fever above 37.8°C.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cough associated with postnasal drip is an indication for decongestant use.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonprescription decongestants are approved by the FDA for self-treatment of sinusitis-related nasal congestion.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Adverse effects are less common with systemic decongestants compared to topical ones.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Decongestants should be avoided by patients with hypertension without medical advice.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nonprescription antihistamines are effective in reducing rhinorrhea and sneezing due to colds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Combination products of decongestants and antihistamines have shown benefits in adults.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin C has shown consistent effectiveness in reducing the frequency of the common cold.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aspirin can be safely used in children with viral illnesses.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Guaifenesin has proven to be effective in treating natural colds.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Garlic may prevent occurrences of the common cold, according to multiple studies.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Doses of zinc lozenges exceeding 75mg per day have been shown to decrease the duration of colds.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The head should be in a downward position when administering nasal drops.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Antibacterial agents like chlorhexidine are recommended for treating all sore throats.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Benzocaine can be administered to children under the age of 3 in lozenge form.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Systemic analgesics can help reduce the pain associated with sore throat.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Gargling with saltwater has been proven effective in treating sore throats.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with flu-like symptoms do not need a referral if symptoms last longer than 2 weeks.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lozenges can help soothe the throat by stimulating saliva production.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nasal drops are easier to administer with the head tilted backward.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Products marketed for nighttime use usually contain a sedating antihistamine.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oxymetazoline is highly absorbed after intranasal administration and is not recommended during pregnancy.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The FDA recommends nonprescription cold medications for children younger than 2 years.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Combination products can be taken without considering the risks of unnecessary drug use.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nondrug measures for cold symptoms may not relieve discomfort effectively.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients should avoid using dispensing devices when giving medications to children.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

It is advisable to share hard towels to limit viral spread.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Washing hands frequently can help reduce the spread of viruses.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a cold?

A cold, also known as the common cold, is a viral infection of the upper respiratory tract.

Where do colds affect?

Colds primarily affect the pharynx, nasopharynx, nose, and paranasal sinuses.

What causes most colds?

Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of colds in both children and adults.

What are the common cold symptoms?

A sore throat is the first symptom to appear, followed by nasal symptoms like sneezing and congestion.

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When does a cough appear with a cold?

A cough is a less frequent symptom, appearing around day 4 or 5.

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What is influenza?

Influenza is a viral infection caused by RNA viruses, classified into types A, B, and C.

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Which types of influenza are more severe?

Types A and B of influenza are more virulent, causing flu symptoms, while type C causes mild cold-like symptoms.

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When does the flu season typically occur?

The flu season usually occurs between December and March, whereas the common cold can occur at any time.

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What are direct-acting decongestants?

Direct-acting decongestants bind directly to adrenergic receptors, constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages. This decreases swelling and congestion.

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What are indirect-acting decongestants?

Indirect-acting decongestants displace norepinephrine from storage vesicles, increasing its availability in the synapse. This triggers the adrenergic receptors, effectively reducing congestion.

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What are mixed decongestants?

Mixed decongestants have both direct and indirect activity, meaning they both bind to adrenergic receptors and release norepinephrine to reduce nasal congestion.

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What are systemic decongestants?

Systemic decongestants are taken orally and work throughout the body. Examples include pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine.

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What are topical decongestants?

Topical decongestants are applied directly to the nasal passages. They are effective for short-term relief of congestion, but prolonged use can lead to rebound congestion.

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What is rebound congestion?

Rebound congestion is a worsening of nasal congestion after stopping the use of topical decongestants. It is a common side effect of prolonged use.

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What are intranasal decongestants?

Intranasal decongestants are a type of topical decongestant that are administered directly into the nasal passages. They are available in various forms like drops, sprays, and mists.

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When are decongestants not recommended?

Decongestants are not recommended for self-treating nasal congestion associated with sinusitis, as they may mask the symptoms of a serious infection.

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Myth #1: Can you catch a cold from not wearing a jacket?

A common misconception, this myth suggests that simply not wearing a jacket in cold weather will cause a cold. However, colds are caused by viruses, not by cold temperatures.

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Myth #2: If a cold lasts more than a week, it's not a cold.

Many people believe that if their cold symptoms last longer than a week, it's not a cold. However, this is incorrect; colds often last up to a week or longer.

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Myth #3: Nonprescription cold medicines can help you recover faster.

While over-the-counter cold medications can provide relief from symptoms, they don't actually cure the cold or shorten its duration.

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Myth #4: Vitamin C, Echinacea, and zinc will make you better faster?

While some vitamins may provide some immune support, there is no reliable evidence that they make you recover faster from a cold.

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Myth #5: Can antibiotics help with a cold?

Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections, so there's no benefit to taking them for a cold.

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Myth #6: Can you never catch a cold?

While some preventative measures can be helpful, there is no foolproof method to guarantee you won't ever catch a cold.

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What are the goals of cold treatment?

The primary goals of treatment for colds are to prevent the spread of the virus and alleviate bothersome symptoms.

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What are non-pharmacologic treatments for colds?

Adequate rest, increased fluid intake, a nutritious diet, and humidification can help manage cold symptoms.

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Decongestants

Medications that help reduce nasal congestion by shrinking blood vessels in the nasal lining.

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Antihistamines

These medications are used to treat the symptoms of allergies, such as sneezing, itching, and runny nose.

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Local Anesthetics for Sore Throat

Medications that numb the throat and provide temporary relief from sore throat discomfort.

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Systemic Analgesics for Colds

These medications are used to reduce pain and fever, often associated with colds.

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Antitussives

Medications that suppress coughing, but their effectiveness in colds is questionable.

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Expectorants

Medications that help thin mucus and make it easier to cough up.

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Garlic for Colds

A natural substance with potential benefits for cold prevention, but further research is needed.

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Zinc Lozenges for Cols

Zinc supplements in lozenge form are proven to reduce the duration of colds, but high doses are needed.

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Nighttime cold medications

Cold medications for nighttime use often contain a sedating antihistamine to promote sleep.

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Daytime cold medications

Cold medications for daytime use typically lack sedating ingredients, allowing for alertness and focus.

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Combination cold medications: Convenience vs. Risks

Combination cold medications offer convenience but may expose you to unnecessary drugs. It's crucial to weigh the benefits against potential risks.

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Cold medication during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Drug use during pregnancy and breastfeeding requires careful consideration of risks and benefits. In most cases, non-drug therapies are preferred for colds due to their self-limiting nature.

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Preferred decongestant during pregnancy

Oxymetazoline, a topical decongestant, is considered safe for use during pregnancy due to its low absorption after intranasal administration.

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Cold medication for children under 2

The FDA advises against using nonprescription cold medications for children under 2 years old due to safety concerns and lack of proven effectiveness.

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Cold medication for children under 4

Manufacturers have updated product labeling to advise against using cold medications containing antihistamines in children under 4 years old, especially for sedation purposes.

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Cold medication for children: Dosage and combination products

For children needing cold medication, parents should strictly follow dosing instructions and avoid combination products to prevent overdosage.

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Correct way to administer nasal drops

Administering nasal drops with the head tilted backward facilitates swallowing the drops, making this method incorrect.

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What is a sore throat?

A sore throat, often caused by a viral infection, affects the pharynx and tonsils, leading to pain and discomfort.

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Sore throat treatment

Most sore throats are caused by viruses and will resolve on their own. Treatment focuses on relieving symptoms like pain and discomfort.

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Antibacterial agents for sore throats

Antibacterial agents like chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride can have antibacterial and antifungal properties, but are not routinely recommended for sore throats because most are viral.

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Effectiveness of aspirin and saltwater gargle

Gargling with aspirin or saltwater doesn't have proven effectiveness for sore throats.

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When to refer a sore throat

Referral is suggested for sore throats lasting longer than 2 weeks, as this may indicate a more serious issue.

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Referral for sinus and ear pain

If sinus pain does not respond to over-the-counter medications, or middle ear pain persists despite OTC analgesics, referral for further evaluation is recommended.

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Study Notes

Colds

  • A viral infection of the upper respiratory tract, commonly known as the common cold.
  • Usually self-limiting, but symptoms can be troublesome, leading to self-medication and use of over-the-counter products.
  • Primarily affects the pharynx, nasopharynx, nose, and paranasal sinuses.
  • Caused by over 200 viruses, with rhinoviruses being the most common in children and adults.
  • Viral and bacterial co-infections are rare.

Pathophysiology of Colds

  • Primarily limited to the upper respiratory tract.
  • Affects the respiratory structures such as the pharynx, nasopharynx, nose, and paranasal sinuses.

Clinical Presentation of Colds

  • Symptoms typically appear 1-3 days after infection.
  • Initial symptom is often a sore throat.
  • Nasal symptoms (sneezing, nasal discharge, congestion) usually develop within 2-3 days.
  • Cough can appear after 4-5 days (less common).
  • Physical examination may reveal a slightly red pharynx, evidence of postnasal drainage, nasal obstruction, and mildly-to-moderately tender sinuses.
  • Headache, low-grade fever (rarely above 37.8°C), and general malaise are also possible but not common.
  • Most colds resolve within one week.

Myths and Truths about the Common Cold

  • Myth #1: You can catch a cold by not wearing a jacket in chilly weather.
  • Myth #2: If your symptoms last longer than a week, it's not a cold.
  • Myth #3: Nonprescription cold medicines can help you recover faster.
  • Myth #4: Vitamin C, Echinacea, and zinc will make you better faster.
  • Myth #5: If you have a cold, taking an antibiotic can't hurt and might even help.
  • Myth #6: It's hopeless! There's nothing you can do to ward off colds.

Treatment of Colds

  • No cure exists for colds.
  • The goal of treatment is to prevent transmission and reduce bothersome symptoms.
  • Antibiotics are ineffective against viral infections.

Non-Pharmacologic Therapy

  • Increased fluid intake
  • Adequate rest
  • Nutritious diet as tolerated
  • Increased humidification (e.g., steamy showers, humidifiers, vaporizers)
  • Saline nasal sprays or drops
  • Salt gargles

Pharmacologic Therapy (Decongestants)

  • Treat sinus and nasal congestion.
  • Alpha-adrenergic agonists (sympathomimetics) constrict blood vessels, reducing nasal congestion.
  • Three types: direct-acting, indirect-acting, and mixed decongestants.
  • Systemic nonprescription agents include pseudoephedrine and phenylephrine.

Influenza vs. Colds

  • Influenza is caused by RNA viruses (types A, B, and C).
  • Type A and B are the most virulent forms, producing flu symptoms.
  • Type C produces mild cold-like symptoms.
  • Symptoms of the flu are often more severe, including sudden onset, fever (37.8°C-38.9°C), chills, malaise, marked limb aches, insomnia, fatigue, a non-productive cough, and loss of appetite.
  • Influenza usually resolves in 5-7 days, although it can last longer.

Local Anesthetics

  • Various products containing local anesthetics help relieve sore throats.
  • Some also contain antiseptics, menthol, and camphor, but these ingredients are not effective against viral infections.

Systemic Analgesics

  • For aches and fever associated with colds, systemic analgesics (e.g., aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or naproxen) are effective.
  • Aspirin-containing products should not be used in children with viral illnesses due to Reye's syndrome risk.

Antihistamines

  • Monotherapy with non-prescription antihistamines is not effective in reducing rhinorrhea and sneezing associated with colds.
  • However, a combination of first-generation antihistamines and decongestants may provide some benefit in adults.

Zinc lozenges

  • Doses above 75mg per day of acetate salt may be effective in shortening the duration of a cold.

Combination Products

  • Decongestants and antihistamines are often marketed in combination with analgesics, expectorants, and antitussives, for the convenience of patients.
  • Daytime vs. nighttime products differ primarily in the inclusion of sedating antihistamines.

Pregnancy

  • Drug use should be carefully considered during pregnancy and lactation, balancing potential risks and benefits.
  • Oxymetazoline is often a recommended topical nasal decongestant.

Children

  • FDA does not recommend nonprescription cold medications for children under 2 due safety concerns and limited efficacy.

Patient Counseling and Referral

  • Nondrug measures can help ease discomfort.
  • Explanations of side effects, drug interactions, and worsening signs are essential.
  • Referral is recommended when symptoms worsen, symptoms last longer than two weeks, or are accompanied by extremely high temperatures, tonsillar exudates, dysphagia or a compromised immune system.

Limiting Viral Spread

  • Use disposable tissues instead of handkerchiefs.

Sore Throat

  • Viral infections account for a significant portion of sore throat cases (70%-90%).
  • Medications may help relieve symptoms but rarely cure the infection quickly.

Acute Otitis Media

  • Often follows a common cold.
  • Can result from virus spread to the middle ear via the Eustachian tube.
  • Inflammation of tympanic membrane (eardrum) causes pus buildup.
  • Symptoms include ear pain, rubbing or tugging of the ear, and irritability.
  • Referral to a general practitioner is appropriate for examination.

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This quiz explores the causes, symptoms, and treatments for colds and flu. It covers essential facts about viral infections, the efficacy of treatments, and non-pharmacologic therapies. Test your knowledge on how to differentiate between colds and flu and the best preventive measures.

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