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Questions and Answers
What is the best description of a peer-reviewed journal article?
What is the best description of a peer-reviewed journal article?
An article written by experts and reviewed by other professionals in the same field of study.
What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic?
What does it mean that behavioral research is probabilistic?
Inferences drawn from behavioral research are not expected to explain all cases.
Which is a problem presented by the availability heuristic?
Which is a problem presented by the availability heuristic?
We do not examine all of the evidence, only what we can think of quickly.
Asking questions to get the answers we want is called what?
Asking questions to get the answers we want is called what?
Which is the first section of an empirical journal article?
Which is the first section of an empirical journal article?
When reading an empirical journal article 'with a purpose,' which section should you read first?
When reading an empirical journal article 'with a purpose,' which section should you read first?
What is Cyril experiencing if he thinks, 'I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would'?
What is Cyril experiencing if he thinks, 'I am sure other people might engage in faulty thinking, but I never would'?
Different factors that could account for significant results are called what?
Different factors that could account for significant results are called what?
What should the introduction of a research report include?
What should the introduction of a research report include?
Edited books consist of a collection of chapters written by whom?
Edited books consist of a collection of chapters written by whom?
What does the impact factor of a journal tell you?
What does the impact factor of a journal tell you?
Which is true of variables?
Which is true of variables?
Which allows us to make strong predictions using association claims?
Which allows us to make strong predictions using association claims?
A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to TV is associated with what?
A common finding in the study of aggression is that exposure to TV is associated with what?
What criterion of causation are you questioning if you suspect peer pressure is to blame for aggression related to TV watching?
What criterion of causation are you questioning if you suspect peer pressure is to blame for aggression related to TV watching?
What validity is Dr. Hadden prioritizing if he wants his study to apply to all college students?
What validity is Dr. Hadden prioritizing if he wants his study to apply to all college students?
When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, look for the ___
When examining the statistical validity of a frequency claim, look for the ___
Which statement is an operational definition of 'fear of snakes' that could be assessed as a structured question?
Which statement is an operational definition of 'fear of snakes' that could be assessed as a structured question?
What is the best way to balance characteristics about participants that can lead to alternative explanations for findings?
What is the best way to balance characteristics about participants that can lead to alternative explanations for findings?
Which ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report were not committed in the Tuskegee study?
Which ethical violations proposed by the Belmont Report were not committed in the Tuskegee study?
In considering whether research is ethical, what is balanced against each other?
In considering whether research is ethical, what is balanced against each other?
The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?
The belief that the participants in a research study should be representative of the type of people who would also benefit from the findings of the research stems from which principle of the Belmont Report?
Which studies would probably require written informed consent?
Which studies would probably require written informed consent?
When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered?
When conducting animal research, which guideline states that alternatives to animal research should be considered?
What is a primary reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify data?
What is a primary reason that psychologists might fabricate or falsify data?
Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse?
Why is it unethical to provide an incentive that is too large to refuse?
From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD?
From an ethical standpoint, in what way is researching prisoners with tuberculosis similar to researching children with ADHD?
Why might a researcher debrief his participants even if his study didn't include any deceptive elements?
Why might a researcher debrief his participants even if his study didn't include any deceptive elements?
A study suggesting a link between the MMR vaccine and autism led to reduced vaccination rates and increased rates of measles. This example demonstrates the serious implications of what?
A study suggesting a link between the MMR vaccine and autism led to reduced vaccination rates and increased rates of measles. This example demonstrates the serious implications of what?
In Milgram's experiments on obedience to authority, participants were led to believe that they were shocking the learner. This led to what type of problems?
In Milgram's experiments on obedience to authority, participants were led to believe that they were shocking the learner. This led to what type of problems?
What must a researcher do when using deception in an experiment?
What must a researcher do when using deception in an experiment?
Which ethical consideration is relevant to research with animals?
Which ethical consideration is relevant to research with animals?
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Study Notes
Peer-Reviewed Journal Articles
- Articles are authored by experts and reviewed by peers in the respective field to ensure credibility and accuracy.
Probabilistic Nature of Behavioral Research
- Findings from behavioral research are typically generalizable but cannot account for every individual case.
Availability Heuristic Issue
- This cognitive bias leads to the neglect of comprehensive evidence, focusing only on information that comes to mind quickly.
Confirmation Bias
- A tendency to ask questions that seek to confirm existing beliefs or expectations instead of objectively exploring all possibilities.
Structure of Empirical Journal Articles
- The first section of an empirical journal is typically the abstract, summarizing the study's main points.
Purposeful Reading of Research
- When reading with intent, starting with the abstract aids in understanding the research context efficiently.
Bias Blind Spot
- Individuals often perceive themselves as less susceptible to cognitive biases than others, demonstrating a lack of self-awareness.
Confounds in Research
- These are factors that might obscure the true relationship between variables, potentially leading to erroneous conclusions.
Introduction of Research Reports
- Should provide an overview of recent studies related to the primary research topic to contextualize the new findings.
Edited Books
- Comprise multiple chapters contributed by various experts, offering diverse perspectives on a subject.
Journal Impact Factor
- A metric indicating the frequency with which articles in the journal are cited, reflecting its influence in the academic community.
Variables in Research
- Some variables can be either manipulated by researchers or measured, which is crucial for experimental design.
Making Predictions with Associations
- Strong positive and negative associations enable robust predictions about relationships between variables.
Third-Variable Criterion
- In the study of aggression, questioning whether peer pressure is a confounding element addresses this important criterion.
Prioritizing Validities
- Dr. Hadden's emphasis on external validity pertains to the generalizability of study results to the broader population of college students.
Statistical Validity in Frequency Claims
- Assessing the margin of error estimate is critical for determining the reliability of frequency claims.
Operational Definitions
- Operationalizing "fear of snakes" can involve structured questions like a scale rating from 1 to 10.
Balancing Characteristics in Research
- Random assignment serves to effectively control for participant characteristics that could impact study outcomes.
Belmont Report Ethics
- The Tuskegee study did not violate the provision about compensating participants financially for their involvement.
Ethical Considerations in Research
- Weighing the risks to participants against the value of the knowledge gained is essential in ensuring ethical standards.
Justice Principle in Research
- This principle stresses that participants should reflect the diversity of those who may benefit from the research findings.
Informed Consent Requirement
- Studies examining confidential topics, such as income and voting behavior, typically require written informed consent from participants.
Animal Research Guidelines
- The principle of replacement encourages the search for non-animal alternatives in research designs.
Data Fabrication Pressures
- Psychologists may feel compelled to falsify data due to pressures associated with publishing results.
Ethical Incentives in Research
- Offering excessively large incentives can coercively motivate participation, undermining voluntary consent.
Autonomy Concerns in Vulnerable Populations
- Both prisoners and children often have restricted autonomy, necessitating additional ethical considerations in research.
Importance of Debriefing
- Even in non-deceptive studies, debriefing participants helps reduce the likelihood of data falsification.
Consequences of Data Fabrication
- The controversy surrounding the MMR vaccine and autism illustrates how data manipulation can lead to public health risks, like decreased vaccination rates.
Psychological Problems in Research
- Milgram's obedience experiments highlighted psychological distress as a significant concern due to the deception involved.
Deception in Research
- Researchers must ensure participants are debriefed after any use of deception in studies to address ethical obligations.
Animal Research Ethics
- Minimizing harm to animals is a fundamental consideration when conducting research involving live subjects.
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