Understanding Auction Sales Laws
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Questions and Answers

What is the central notion of a contract?

  • Bargain (correct)
  • Promise
  • Performance
  • Remedy

    • According to Sir Federick Pollock, a contract is a promise or set of promises that:

  • Is made in church
  • The law will enforce (correct)
  • Is a duty recognized by the law
  • Is made to the community

    • Which element is NOT required for a contract to be valid?

  • Intention to create social relations (correct)
  • Agreement (offer and acceptance)
  • Consideration
  • Capacity to enter into a contract

    • What must follow a valid offer to form a binding contract?

    <p>Acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an essential element of a valid contract?

    <p>Consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is an offer defined in the context of a contract?

    <p>A statement of intention to be bound on certain terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a self-service shop, who offers to buy goods according to the text?

    <p>The customer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the Pharmacy and Poisons Act 1933, who must supervise the sale of specified drugs?

    <p>Pharmacist</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the nature of goods display in a self-service shop?

    <p>Offer by the customer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the general nature of goods advertisement in newspapers, radio, or television?

    <p>Invitation to treat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which party is not bound to sell goods at the price indicated in a self-service shop?

    <p>Customer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Bramblefinch cocks, bramblefinch hens, 25s.each' was mentioned in which case?

    <p>Partridge v Crittenden</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Sale of Goods Act, 1962 state regarding auction advertisements?

    <p>It does not constitute an offer to any person that the goods will actually be put up for auction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an auction sale without reserve price, what may it constitute to the highest bidder?

    <p>An offer to enter into a contract with the seller.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of WARLOW v HARRISON (1859), what was the outcome when the Plaintiff bid for a pony at an auction 'without reserve'?

    <p>The Plaintiff was entitled to recover the pony.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key difference between an auction sale with a reserve price and one without?

    <p>In one, there is no obligation for the highest bidder to purchase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Baron Martin in WARLOW v HARRISON (1859), what did he state about the relationship between the auctioneer and the Plaintiff?

    <p>'He is entitled to recover the item.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is an auction sale considered complete?

    <p>When the auctioneer announces its completion by the fall of the hammer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a sale expressed to be 'without reserve'?

    <p>The highest bona fide bidder is entitled to buy the goods at the price bid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstances can a seller or their representative make a bid at an auction?

    <p>Only when a right to bid is expressly reserved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if an auction sale is notified to be subject to a reserve price?

    <p>The seller or their representative can make one bid only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when goods at an auction are put up in lots?

    <p>Each lot is considered a separate contract of sale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can a seller withdraw goods after an auctioneer announces the completion of a sale?

    <p>No, unless paragraph (d) applies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does an offer lapse?

    <p>After a fixed period specified in the offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if the condition in an offer is not satisfied?

    <p>The offer becomes invalid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario can an offeree validly accept an offer after the offeror's death?

    <p>If the offeree is unaware of the offeror's death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible solution to avoid revocation of an offer before full performance?

    <p>Implementing the two-contract theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether an offer has been accepted in English cases?

    <p>The intentions of the parties and circumstances of the case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can an offer be revoked after acceptance has begun according to English law?

    <p>Yes, as long as acceptance is not yet complete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between an auction sale without reserve price and an auction sale with reserve price?

    <p>An auction sale without reserve price constitutes an offer to the highest bidder, while an auction sale with reserve price does not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of WARLOW v HARRISON (1859), what did Baron Martin assert about the relationship between the auctioneer and the Plaintiff?

    <p>There is a contract between the auctioneer and the Plaintiff, and the Plaintiff is entitled to recover the item sold.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when goods are advertised for an auction?

    <p>The advertisement does not constitute an offer to any person that the goods will actually be put up.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did WARLOW v HARRISON (1859) establish regarding a plaintiff's bid at an auction 'without reserve'?

    <p>The plaintiff's bid amounted to a binding contract with the auctioneer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes an offer in an auction sale without reserve price?

    <p>The highest bid made by any bidder.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an auction sale, when is the sale considered complete according to Section 4 of the Auction Sale Act?

    <p>When the auctioneer announces its completion by the fall of the hammer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action may a bidder take before the auctioneer announces the completion of a sale?

    <p>Retract their bid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstance can a seller or their representative make a bid at an auction?

    <p>If a right to bid is expressly reserved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a sale expressed to be 'without reserve' in an auction?

    <p>The highest bona fide bidder is entitled to buy the goods at the price bid, even if the auctioneer refuses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can a seller or any person on his behalf make only one bid at an auction?

    <p>If the auction is notified to be subject to a reserve price</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Section 4 of the Auction Sale Act stipulate regarding lots in an auction sale?

    <p>Each lot is deemed to be the subject of a separate contract of sale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can an offer be terminated by rejection or counteroffer?

    <p>Before the offeror accepts the offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation does a promise to keep an offer open not prevent revocation?

    <p>When there is no binding contract to keep it open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is revocation of an offer considered effective under English law?

    <p>When it is communicated to the offeree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who can communicate the revocation of an offer to the offeree?

    <p>Any reliable third party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of unilateral contracts, what issues can arise regarding revocation?

    <p>The offeror can revoke the offer even after the offeree begins to fulfill the stipulated condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What modification did Section 8 of the Contract Act, 1960 make regarding revocation of offers?

    <p>Revocation is ineffective unless communicated to the offeree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of a tender notice, what happens when it is stated that the lowest or highest bidder will get the contract?

    <p>It is deemed a unilateral offer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a referential bid, such as 'the highest other bid plus 10%' in a tender notice, impact the bidding process?

    <p>It is usually rejected as a non-compliant bid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does an offer terminate due to the failure of a condition subject to which it was made?

    <p>If the condition is not satisfied by a specified deadline.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a statement in a tender notice constitutes an invitation to treat or an offer?

    <p>The specific parties to whom the request for tenders is made.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In English contract law, when can an offer lapse?

    <p>After a fixed period specified in the offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario would a request for tenders be considered an invitation to treat?

    <p>If it is stated that the decision will be based on a combination of factors including price and quality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstances is an offer not capable of acceptance?

    <p>When a condition in the offer is not satisfied</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was established by the court in Harvela Ltd v Royal Trust of Canada regarding tender notices?

    <p>'The lowest or highest bidder will get the contract' statement can transform an invitation to treat into an offer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible solution to prevent an offeror from revoking an offer before full performance?

    <p>Offer accompanied by another implied offer not to revoke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does an offer automatically terminate according to English contract law?

    <p>After the offeree's death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether an offeree can validly accept an offer after the offeror's death?

    <p>Ignorance of the offeree regarding the offeror's death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central notion of a contract based on the text?

    <p>Consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Sir Federick Pollock, what is a contract?

    <p>Promise or set of promises enforceable in law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which element is necessary for a contract to be valid based on the text?

    <p>Consideration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What signifies a valid offer in contract law?

    <p>Statement of intention with certain terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is necessary for an offer to be considered valid in contract law?

    <p>Certain and clear terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which party must make a valid offer in a contract?

    <p>Offering party</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the court establish in WARLOW v HARRISON (1859) regarding a bid at an auction 'without reserve'?

    <p>The bid constitutes an offer by the bidder</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an auction sale with a reserve price, what is typically true?

    <p>Bids below the reserve price are not considered offers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an auction sale without reserve price from one with reserve price?

    <p>A bid in a sale without reserve may constitute an offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does an advertisement for an auction constitute an offer?

    <p>Never, it does not constitute an offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In WARLOW v HARRISON (1859), what was the significance of Baron Martin's statement regarding the auctioneer and the Plaintiff?

    <p>The Plaintiff was entitled to recover the item bid on</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Lefkowitz v Great Minneapolis Stores (1957), what did the US court determine regarding the advertisement for fur coats?

    <p>It was a unilateral offer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Based on the Divisional Court's decision in the case of the appellant charged with offering a wild live bird for sale, what concept did the court believe the appellant's action fell under?

    <p>Invitation to treat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Justice Murphy emphasize in the case of Lapin fur sale that led to the plaintiff being entitled to performance from the defendant?

    <p>The clarity and definiteness of the offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Carlill vs. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co.Ltd, when would an advertisement be considered an offer?

    <p>When it is a unilateral offer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Divisional Court quash the appellant's conviction for when he was charged with unlawfully offering a live bird for sale?

    <p>Issuing an invitation to treat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Justice Murphy's ruling in the Lapin fur case, what does it depend on whether a newspaper advertisement is an offer or an invitation to make an offer?

    <p>The clarity of intentions between parties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between an offer and an invitation to treat in contract law?

    <p>An offer shows the intention to be bound, while an invitation to treat is an indication of willingness to negotiate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When are goods displayed in a shop window or on supermarket shelves considered an invitation to treat?

    <p>When placing them on display without indicating price</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In English contract law, what constitutes an offer according to the text?

    <p>A definite indication of being bound by certain terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a response to an invitation from acceptance of an offer?

    <p>Whether a counteroffer is made in response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does it mean when goods are displayed in a shop window or on supermarket shelves?

    <p>The goods are merely an invitation for customers to make an offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an offer from an invitation to treat in contract law?

    <p>An invitation to treat shows intention to be bound, while an offer is open for negotiation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstances does an offer terminate due to the offeree's death?

    <p>If the offeree is notified of the offeror's death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario would an offer be considered not capable of acceptance?

    <p>When the contract is for personal services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may cause an offer to lapse according to English law?

    <p>Failure to satisfy a condition in the offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is an offer not capable of acceptance under English contract law?

    <p>When it is a contract for personal services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if an offeree accepts an offer not knowing about the offeror's death?

    <p>The acceptance is valid regardless</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does an offer terminate automatically according to English contract law?

    <p>When either party dies and the other is aware</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a valid offer according to NTHC Ltd v Antwi SCGLR 117, 125?

    <p>An indication in words or by conduct that the offeror is willing to be bound by contract terms expressed in the offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893), what was the offer made by the defendants?

    <p>A promise to pay £100 to anyone who got sick from their product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the court rule against the master of a ship in Taylor v Laird (1856)?

    <p>Because he did not communicate his offer to assist in sailing the ship home</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key requirement for a valid offer to be considered in contract law?

    <p>The offer must be communicated to the offeree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates an invitation to treat from a valid offer?

    <p>An invitation allows negotiating further terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to English contract law, how should an offer be communicated for it to be considered valid?

    <p>To a particular person, group of person, or the world at large</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main distinguishing factor between an offer and an invitation to treat according to the text?

    <p>The intention of the party making the statement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation can goods displayed in a shop window or on supermarket shelves be considered an invitation to treat?

    <p>When the display indicates availability for purchase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was it held in the case of Mrs. Carlill that an offer can be made to the 'whole world'?

    <p>The offer was deemed definite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the court establish regarding the distinction between an offer and an invitation to treat in relation to negotiation?

    <p>An invitation signals readiness to enter into negotiations without immediate commitment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario best exemplifies an invitation to treat?

    <p>A letter stating 'we may be prepared to sell you'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key determining factor between an offer and an invitation to treat according to the text?

    <p>The intention of the party making the statement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Lefkowitz v Great Minneapolis Stores (1957), how did the US court view the advertisement for fur coats?

    <p>As a unilateral offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates an offer from an invitation to treat in contract law?

    <p>An offer is not open for negotiation, while an invitation to treat is.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor determines whether a newspaper advertisement constitutes an offer or an invitation to make an offer?

    <p>The legal intention of the parties and surrounding circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Divisional Court in a specific case view the defendant's advertisement for the sale of Lapin fur?

    <p>As a legally binding contract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the US court decide concerning a Saturday advertisement for fur coats in Lefkowitz v Great Minneapolis Stores (1957)?

    <p>It was a unilateral offer with specific terms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action can an individual take if they are the first to appear at a seller's place of business as requested in an advertisement?

    <p>Offer the stated purchase price and be entitled to performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an auction sale, what is considered an invitation to treat?

    <p>The goods displayed at the auction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happened in the case of PAYNE v CAVE (1789)?

    <p>Cave withdrew his bid before it was accepted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome in HARRIS v NICKERSON (1873)?

    <p>Harris was compensated for his time and expenses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When can an offer be withdrawn in an auction sale according to the text?

    <p>Before it is accepted by the auctioneer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What constitutes an offer in an auction sale according to the text?

    <p>The fall of the auctioneer's hammer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an invitation to treat from an offer in an auction sale?

    <p>The acceptance of a bid by the auctioneer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if an intending purchaser attends an auction and the property is not put up for sale?

    <p>The purchaser has no right of action unless there is fraud involved.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does a request for tenders generally become an offer?

    <p>When it states that the lowest bidder will get the contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of tender notices, what was held in the case of Blackpool and Fylde Aero Club v Blackpool BC?

    <p>A request to specified parties with criteria for awarding contracts can create a binding offer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an offer typically terminate according to English law?

    <p>By revocation from the offeror.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to a referential bid not being considered valid in tender notices?

    <p>It includes a percentage addition to another bid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a statement in a tender notice constitutes an invitation to treat or an offer?

    <p>The specific parties mentioned in the notice and criteria for contract award.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Taylor v Laird (1856), why were the ship owners not required to pay for the master's assistance in sailing the ship home?

    <p>The offer to assist was not communicated to the ship owners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a valid offer in contract law according to the case of Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893)?

    <p>The offer must be communicated to the world at large to be valid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines if an offer is capable of acceptance in English contract law according to NTHC Ltd v Antwi SCGLR 117, 125?

    <p>Whether the offeree communicates acceptance of the terms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why did the defendant company in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company issue an advertisement offering a reward for using their product?

    <p>To increase sales of their products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does communication play in validating an offer as stated in Taylor v Laird (1856)?

    <p>It allows for immediate acceptance or rejection by the offeree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the court differentiate between an invitation to treat and a valid offer in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company?

    <p>By analyzing if there was a clear intention to be bound by contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of distinguishing between an offer and an invitation to treat in contract law?

    <p>It determines the intention of the party involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of contract law, what does it mean when goods are displayed in a shop window or on supermarket shelves?

    <p>It serves as an invitation to negotiate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between an offer and an invitation to treat based on established legal principles?

    <p>An invitation to treat indicates a willingness to negotiate, while an offer is a final statement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation would goods displayed in a self-service shop be considered an offer?

    <p>When a price tag is missing from the item</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically true about responses to invitations to treat in contract law?

    <p>They can result in either further negotiation or an offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for the courts to establish instances that constitute an invitation to treat in contract law?

    <p>To clarify when an offer becomes legally binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does communicating a rejection or counter offer have on an offer?

    <p>Invalidates the offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of revocation, when does an offer become irrevocable according to common law principles?

    <p>When the offeror has promised to keep the offer open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is revocation of an offer rendered ineffective?

    <p>By communicating directly to the offeree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what situation does revocation need to be communicated to the offeree by a reliable third party?

    <p>When dealing with unilateral contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does communication method affect the effectiveness of revocation?

    <p>Effective upon receipt by the offeree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What possible challenge arises concerning revocation in relation to unilateral contracts?

    <p>The timing of revocation after acceptance has started</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key implication of an auction sale being expressed to be without reserve?

    <p>The highest bidder is entitled to buy the goods at the price bid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an auction sale subject to a reserve price, what is the maximum number of bids allowed by the seller or their representative?

    <p>One bid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstance can a seller or their representative make a bid at an auction?

    <p>Unless otherwise stated in writing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Section 4 of the Auction Sale Act allow regarding bidding at auctions?

    <p>Limited bidding with one reserved bid by the seller or representative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action can a bidder take before the auctioneer announces the completion of a sale according to Section 4 of the Auction Sale Act?

    <p>Retract their bid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Baron Martin assert in the case of WARLOW v HARRISON (1859) regarding the relationship between the auctioneer and the Plaintiff?

    <p>The Plaintiff is entitled to recover the item.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an auction sale without reserve price, what does it indicate when the highest bidder wins?

    <p>The highest bidder has a legal entitlement to acquire the item.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of an auction sale 'without reserve price' according to the text?

    <p>It symbolizes an offer to the highest bidder, creating a binding contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an auction sale with a reserve price, what typically happens if bidding does not reach the reserve price?

    <p>The auction continues until someone meets the reserve price or until it is withdrawn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When goods are advertised for an auction, what legal status does this advertisement typically hold according to the text?

    <p>It represents an invitation to treat rather than an offer.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of NTHC Ltd v Antwi SCGLR 117, 125, an offer is defined as:

    <p>An indication by the offeror that they are willing to be bound by the terms stated in the offer upon acceptance by the offeree.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental requirement for a valid offer?

    <p>The offer must be communicated to the offeree to allow for acceptance or rejection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome in Taylor v Laird (1856) based on the actions of the ship's master during a voyage?

    <p>The ship's owners were not obligated to pay for the master's assistance as there was no communicated offer to assist.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company (1893) from other cases mentioned in the text?

    <p>The defendants issued a public advertisement offering a reward for a specific action, leading to a binding contract.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method(s) can an offer be communicated according to the text?

    <p>In writing, orally, or through conduct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an invitation to treat from a valid offer based on the information provided?

    <p>An invitation to treat is merely an invitation for offers while an offer is capable of acceptance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When does the sale become complete in an auction as per Section 4 of the Auction Sale Act?

    <p>When the hammer falls or in another customary manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action can any bidder take before the auctioneer announces the completion of a sale?

    <p>Retract their bid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an auction expressed to be without reserve, who is entitled to buy the goods?

    <p>The highest bona fide bidder at the price bid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What right does a seller have in an auction notified to be subject to a reserve price?

    <p>The right to make only one bid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is allowed regarding bidding if a right to bid is expressly reserved according to Section 4 of the Auction Sale Act?

    <p>The seller or someone on their behalf may bid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is permitted when an auction sale is notified to be without reserve according to Section 4 of the Auction Sale Act?

    <p>'Bonafide' bidding from all participants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the defendants argue regarding the offer in the Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company case?

    <p>An offer to the 'whole world' was not possible in English law</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key distinction between an offer and an invitation to treat in contract law according to the text?

    <p>An offer indicates a willingness to be bound, while an invitation to treat is not yet binding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situation are goods displayed in shop windows or on supermarket shelves generally considered an invitation to treat?

    <p>When the goods are merely on display for customers to select</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a response to an invitation to treat from a response to an offer according to the text?

    <p>The response to an invitation results in an agreement, while a response to an offer is still under negotiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether goods displayed in a self-service shop are considered an offer or an invitation to treat?

    <p>The context in which the goods are displayed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for individuals to understand what constitutes an invitation to treat in contract law?

    <p>To ensure they are not unfairly bound by verbal agreements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the case of Boots, why did the Pharmaceutical Society bring an action against the defendants?

    <p>For allowing customers to select drugs from the shelves without supervision</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the decision in Partridge v Crittenden regarding advertisements for goods?

    <p>It clarified that advertisements for goods are invitations to treat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes self-service shops from traditional shops in terms of the buying process according to the case of Boots?

    <p>Customers offer to buy goods at checkout in self-service shops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the outcome of Fisher v Bell regarding the display of goods in shops?

    <p>The display of goods in shops is considered an invitation to treat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes an invitation to treat from a valid offer in the context of goods display according to legal principles?

    <p>An invitation to treat precedes a valid offer in a buying transaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the court determine about customer actions in self-service shops based on the case of Boots?

    <p>Customers are bound by their selection of goods in self-service shops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does communication of a rejection or counter offer have on an offer?

    <p>Invalidates the original offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Section 8 of the Contract Act, 1960, when is revocation of an offer considered effective?

    <p>When communicated to the offeree</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what scenario can revocation of an offer be done by a reliable third party?

    <p>For unilateral contracts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under what circumstances can a seller revoke an offer once the offeree has begun to fulfill the stipulated condition?

    <p>Unilateral contracts are exempt from this rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did BRYNE v VAN TIENHOVEN (1880) establish about the effectiveness of revocation?

    <p>Revocation is effective upon arrival when sent by post</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Section 8 of the Contract Act, 1960 modify the common law principle regarding revocation?

    <p>Requires revocation to be communicated to offeree</p> Signup and view all the answers

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