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Questions and Answers
What is cellulitis?
What is cellulitis?
- A type of skin infection causing redness, swelling, and pain (correct)
- A type of skin infection resulting in discoloration and dryness
- A type of skin infection leading to blistering and itching
- A type of skin infection caused by a virus
What can result from skin entry by pathogenic bacteria?
What can result from skin entry by pathogenic bacteria?
- Eczema, psoriasis, or dermatitis
- Furuncle, carbuncle, or abscess (correct)
- Papules, pustules, or nodules
- Warts or moles
How do skin infections occur?
How do skin infections occur?
- When fungi infect the skin and rarely the deep tissue beneath the skin
- When viruses infect the skin and often the deep tissue beneath the skin
- When parasites infect the skin and occasionally the deep tissue beneath the skin
- When bacteria infect the skin and sometimes the deep tissue beneath the skin (correct)
What is the usual outcome for skin infections if treated promptly?
What is the usual outcome for skin infections if treated promptly?
Which antibiotic is indicated for coverage in the text?
Which antibiotic is indicated for coverage in the text?
When are systemic antimicrobial drugs indicated as adjunctive therapy according to the text?
When are systemic antimicrobial drugs indicated as adjunctive therapy according to the text?
What is a complication of abscesses mentioned in the text?
What is a complication of abscesses mentioned in the text?
What factor does the text mention as essential for the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs?
What factor does the text mention as essential for the effectiveness of antimicrobial drugs?
What does empiric antimicrobial therapy depend on?
What does empiric antimicrobial therapy depend on?
Which antibiotic could be a potential alternative based on the text?
Which antibiotic could be a potential alternative based on the text?
Which bacteria are common pathogens in cellulitis?
Which bacteria are common pathogens in cellulitis?
What is a characteristic feature of cellulitis?
What is a characteristic feature of cellulitis?
When are blood cultures recommended for cellulitis patients?
When are blood cultures recommended for cellulitis patients?
How do streptococcal skin infections spread?
How do streptococcal skin infections spread?
What is the recommended treatment for purulent infections in cellulitis?
What is the recommended treatment for purulent infections in cellulitis?
When is hospitalization recommended for cellulitis?
When is hospitalization recommended for cellulitis?
What is lymphangitis in the context of cellulitis?
What is lymphangitis in the context of cellulitis?
What distinguishes erysipelas from other streptococcal skin infections?
What distinguishes erysipelas from other streptococcal skin infections?
What is the defining feature of an abscess?
What is the defining feature of an abscess?
How is diagnosis typically made in cellulitis?
How is diagnosis typically made in cellulitis?
What distinguishes staphylococcal skin infections from streptococcal skin infections?
What distinguishes staphylococcal skin infections from streptococcal skin infections?
What is the most common cause of abscesses?
What is the most common cause of abscesses?
What can result from incomplete treatment of abscesses?
What can result from incomplete treatment of abscesses?
What do abscesses contain?
What do abscesses contain?
How can deep abscesses be diagnosed?
How can deep abscesses be diagnosed?
What can happen if a chronic abscess is completely eliminated without drainage?
What can happen if a chronic abscess is completely eliminated without drainage?
What is the main form of treatment for abscesses?
What is the main form of treatment for abscesses?
What can be a risk factor for developing abscesses?
What can be a risk factor for developing abscesses?
What might happen if an abscess ruptures?
What might happen if an abscess ruptures?
What is the role of lymphocytes in abscesses?
What is the role of lymphocytes in abscesses?
What is a possible consequence of poor treatment of an abscess?
What is a possible consequence of poor treatment of an abscess?
How does an individual with diabetes have an increased risk of developing an abscesse?
How does an individual with diabetes have an increased risk of developing an abscesse?
What is the role of macrophages in an abscess?
What is the role of macrophages in an abscess?
What is gangrene?
What is gangrene?
Which symptoms may indicate gangrene?
Which symptoms may indicate gangrene?
What are common risk factors for gangrene?
What are common risk factors for gangrene?
Which body parts are most commonly affected by gangrene?
Which body parts are most commonly affected by gangrene?
How is the diagnosis of gangrene typically made?
How is the diagnosis of gangrene typically made?
What might certain types of gangrene present with in addition to typical symptoms?
What might certain types of gangrene present with in addition to typical symptoms?
What is the role of blood supply in the development of gangrene?
What is the role of blood supply in the development of gangrene?
What distinguishes gangrene from a bacterial skin infection?
What distinguishes gangrene from a bacterial skin infection?
Which type of gangrene is characterized by thriving bacteria and poor prognosis due to sepsis?
Which type of gangrene is characterized by thriving bacteria and poor prognosis due to sepsis?
What type of gangrene may result in the affected part being saturated with stagnant blood?
What type of gangrene may result in the affected part being saturated with stagnant blood?
Which bacterial infection produces gas within tissues and spreads rapidly as gases expand and infiltrate healthy tissue?
Which bacterial infection produces gas within tissues and spreads rapidly as gases expand and infiltrate healthy tissue?
Which condition infects deep into the body along tissue planes and spreads rapidly with a high mortality rate?
Which condition infects deep into the body along tissue planes and spreads rapidly with a high mortality rate?
What type of gangrene is the end result of chronic ischemia without infection and is not salvageable once developed?
What type of gangrene is the end result of chronic ischemia without infection and is not salvageable once developed?
What type of gangrene may develop rapidly due to venous or arterial blood flow blockage?
What type of gangrene may develop rapidly due to venous or arterial blood flow blockage?
What is the mainstay of treatment for gangrene according to the text?
What is the mainstay of treatment for gangrene according to the text?
In the case of gangrene due to critical limb ischemia, what treatment can be performed to treat the underlying peripheral artery disease?
In the case of gangrene due to critical limb ischemia, what treatment can be performed to treat the underlying peripheral artery disease?
What is the most common reason for amputations according to the text?
What is the most common reason for amputations according to the text?
When should angioplasty be considered according to the text?
When should angioplasty be considered according to the text?
What treatment is used to treat gas gangrene according to the text?
What treatment is used to treat gas gangrene according to the text?
What is the role of surgical debridement in treating gangrene according to the text?
What is the role of surgical debridement in treating gangrene according to the text?
What is recommended for gas gangrene after treatment with debridement and antibiotics according to the text?
What is recommended for gas gangrene after treatment with debridement and antibiotics according to the text?
What distinguishes dry gangrene from other forms of gangrene according to the text?
What distinguishes dry gangrene from other forms of gangrene according to the text?
What can be performed in cases where severe blockage in lower leg vessels leads to gangrene according to the text?
What can be performed in cases where severe blockage in lower leg vessels leads to gangrene according to the text?
After surgical removal of all dead tissue, what can be performed to treat underlying peripheral artery disease according to the text?
After surgical removal of all dead tissue, what can be performed to treat underlying peripheral artery disease according to the text?
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Study Notes
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Abscesses can develop anywhere in the body, including skin abscesses and internal abscesses.
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Most often caused by bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, which enters the body through cuts, abrasions, punctures, or insect bites. Other risk factors include chronic skin conditions, diabetes, weakened immune systems, and poor hygiene.
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Contain polymorphonuclear neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, bacteria, and liquefied tissue products.
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May rupture, discharge into another organ, or open onto another epithelial surface.
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Incomplete treatment due to resistant organisms or poor treatment may lead to chronic abscesses.
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Complete elimination of organisms in a chronic abscess without drainage can result in a 'sterile abscess' or 'antibioma'.
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Diagnosis of cutaneous and subcutaneous abscesses is by physical examination, while deep abscesses often require imaging for diagnosis.
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Treatment includes draining the pus through incision and drainage, CT-guided drainage, closed surgical drainage, and surgical drainage and debridement.
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Renaldo Womatalze specializes in diagnosing gangrene based on symptoms and supports it with tests like imaging.
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Types of gangrene:
- Dry gangrene: end result of chronic ischemia without infection, not salvageable once developed, not as emergent as gas or wet gangrene, can develop into wet gangrene if infection occurs.
- Wet gangrene: characterized by thriving bacteria, poor prognosis due to sepsis, usually develops rapidly due to venous or arterial blood flow blockage, affected part saturated with stagnant blood, rapid growth of bacteria, toxic products absorbed and cause sepsis, high mortality, emergency amputation often required.
- Gas gangrene: bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues, caused by Clostridium or non-clostridial species, infection spreads rapidly as gases expand and infiltrate healthy tissue.
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Necrotizing fasciitis (hemolytic streptococcal gangrene): infects deep into the body along tissue planes, spreads rapidly, high mortality rate.
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Noma: a gangrene of the face.
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Fournier gangrene: type of necrotizing fasciitis that usually affects the genitals and groin.
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Severe mesenteric ischemia: may result in gangrene of the small intestine due to severe ischemic colitis that may result in the large intestine gangrene.
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Dry gangrene: not accompanied by infection, not as emergent, can develop into wet gangrene, over time may become wet gangrene if infection occurs.
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Wet gangrene: characterized by thriving bacteria, poor prognosis due to sepsis, affected part saturated with stagnant blood, rapid growth of bacteria, toxic products absorbed and cause sepsis, high mortality, emergency amputation often required.
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Gas gangrene: bacterial infection that produces gas within tissues, infection spreads rapidly as gases expand and infiltrate healthy tissue.
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