Decline Shaft Development: Underground Mining Access Quiz and Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What is the main reason for having at least two independent access systems in an underground mine?

To facilitate ventilation

To reduce the cost of infrastructure

To increase the production rate

For safety considerations for the workforce underground (correct)

What is the primary function of a shaft in an underground mine?

To facilitate exploration drilling and sampling

To transport ore out of the mine and provide upcast ventilation (correct)

To provide ventilation to the underground workings

To transport personnel and equipment

What is the purpose of driving primary underground development openings in advance of full-scale mining?

To reduce the cost of infrastructure development

To accelerate the opening up of a new ore deposit

To provide valuable additional and detailed exploration information (correct)

To increase the production rate of the mine

What is a decline or ramp used for in an underground mine?

To facilitate easy machine movement and transportation of people and materials Signup and view all the answers

What is a factor that influences the decision to use a shaft or decline as the primary access to an underground mine?

The orebody depth and planned production rate Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of the Alimak Raise Climber system?

Improved safety and productivity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of scaling in the Alimak Raise Climber system?

To remove loose and unstable rocks Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical angle of development for an adit?

About 4° up-dip Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using adits in mountainous areas?

Reduced operating cost for ore and waste removal Signup and view all the answers

What is the traditional method of developing adits?

Drilling and blasting, then providing support and ventilation Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative excavation method for underground mines in soft rock?

Continuous miners or road headers Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the monorail beam in the Alimak Raise Climber system?

To run the movable working platform Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum number of production steps in the Alimak Raise Climber system?

5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the protective canopy in the Alimak Raise Climber system?

To protect the personnel cage from falling rocks Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum length of a raise climber driven in one step in Norway?

1,050m Signup and view all the answers

¿A qué se llaman las galerías que en los niveles enlazan el pozo con los transversales y sirven para las maniobras de carga y descarga?

Pozo Signup and view all the answers

¿Qué compartimentos tiene el pozo circular forrado?

Aire comprimido Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuáles son los equipos que ayudan al movimiento de los vagones además de la gravedad?

Cables Signup and view all the answers

En el método de tablestacas se trabaja como en el avance de galerías en terrenos inconsistentes y acuíferos en los que la fortificación se clava avanzada sobre el arranque. ¿Es esta afirmación verdadera?

True Signup and view all the answers

El plano inclinado es a menudo la opción escogida en grandes producciones. ¿Es esta afirmación verdadera?

True Signup and view all the answers

¿Cuál es la capacidad de resistencia máxima del revestimiento del pozo?

50 Mpa Signup and view all the answers

¿En qué consiste el método de ___________? Consiste en congelar el terreno suelto y muy acuífero y perforar el pozo en la zona congelada.

congelación Signup and view all the answers

Asocie los siguientes métodos con sus descripciones:

Método de cementación = Inyectar una lechada de cemento Método de congelación = Congelar el terreno suelto y acuífero Método de tablestacas = Trabajar en terrenos inconsistentes y acuíferos Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Access Methods in Underground Mining

The main underground development openings are designed to provide safe, easy, and efficient access for men and materials to the ore bodies.
Access can be categorized into three types: primary (shaft, adit, or slope/decline/ramp), secondary (haulage, drift or entry, and ore-pass), and tertiary (internal ramp or crosscut).

Primary Access Methods

Shaft:
- A vertical excavation that uses elevators to transport people, equipment, and ore.
- Typically used where the deposit is located at depth.
- Can be used for hoisting ore and waste, ventilation, and access to nuclear waste storage, hydropower generation, and underground civil structures.
Adit:
- A near-horizontal excavation used in mountainous areas or from highwalls where the orebody is located near or above the access (valley) floor.
- Typically developed slightly up-dip to facilitate gravity drainage.
- Used where the topographic relief is considerable.
Decline or Ramp:
- An inclined tunnel that provides access to the underground mine.
- Can be used for equipment, personnel, and material transportation, as well as ore transportation by truck or conveyor.

Shaft Design and Construction

Factors to consider when designing a shaft:
- Depth and extent of the deposit
- Surface topography and infrastructure
- Geology and hydrology of the orebody and surrounding rock
- Mining method and production rate
- Climate and local infrastructure
- Regulations and environmental considerations
Shaft size is determined by the monthly tonnage requirement and ventilation needs.
Shafts are typically circular in profile due to better airflow and stability.

Raise Boring and Alimak Raising

Raise boring:
- A mechanized excavation method used for developing ventilation raises, ore passes, and rock fill passes.
- Provides a safer and more efficient alternative to conventional raise development.
Alimak raising:
- A semi-mechanized system used for short raises and short shafts.
- Involves a movable working platform that runs along a monorail beam.
- Provides improved productivity and safety compared to conventional blasting systems.

Galerías y Pozos

Galerías que enlazan el pozo con los transversales y sirven para las maniobras de carga y descarga se llaman galerías.

Ventajas de Carga y Descarga

La capacidad de extracción es mayor en el pozo circular forrado.
El coste de instalación es menor.
Automatismo más fácil.
Menos personal de operación.

Equipos de Movimiento de Vagones

Cables, cadenas rastreras, empujadores, frenos y topes ayudan al movimiento de los vagones.

Componentes del Pozo Circular Forrado

Jaulas, skips, tubería de ventilación, tubería de agua, aire comprimido, evacuación de bombeo, energía y rellenos.

Desventajas de la Carga y Descarga

Producen más polvo y vertidos a la caldera del pozo.

Métodos de Fortificación

Método de cementación: inyectar una lechada de cemento sin aplicar presión a través de una corona de sondeos (F).
Método de desecación: introducir bombas en sondeos de diámetro elevado (V).
Método de tablestacas: trabaja como en el avance de galerías en terrenos inconsistentes y acuíferos en los que la fortificación se clava avanzada sobre el arranque (V).

Revestimiento del Pozo

El revestimiento del pozo cumple las misiones de servir de soporte a los equipos y sostener las paredes.

Métodos de Minería

Método de congelación: congelar el terreno suelto y muy acuífero y perforar el pozo en la zona congelada.

Planos Inclinados

Se utiliza como entrada de ventilación y se perfora un pozo de ventilación para el retorno del aire.
La ejecución es más rápida y se puede realizar con el personal propio de la mina.
Con el fin de evitar entradas de agua, y se ejecuta con hormigón para sujetar bien las tierras de ladera, si es el caso.
Se evacua el escombro mediante cintas transportadoras que habitualmente se cuelga en el techo para dejar espacio suficiente para los vehículos.
Porque los costes de operaciones son sensiblemente menores que los del pozo.

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Description

Learn about the importance of underground development openings in mining, including shaft and decline access, and how they enable safe and efficient access to ore bodies for men and materials. Understand the different types of access openings, including primary and secondary openings.

Underground Mining Access: Shaft and Decline Development

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