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Which of the following is a risk factor for lower urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Ureterovesical junction competence

Antibacterial enzymes and antibodies

Antiadherent effects mediated by mucosal cells

All of the above (correct)

What is the role of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) in the urinary tract?

It exerts an adherent effect against bacteria

It increases the shedding of bladder epithelial cells

It impairs the normal bacterial flora

It attracts water molecules, forming a water barrier (correct)

What is the term used to describe the presence of bacteria in the urine?

Prostatitis

Bacteriuria (correct)

Cystitis

Urethritis

How do bacteria enter the urinary tract in most cases?

Transurethral route Signup and view all the answers

What is the condition called when urine flows from the urethra back into the bladder?

Urethrovesical reflux Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a clean-catch midstream urine specimen?

To establish bacteriuria Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of urinary immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the urethra?

To provide a barrier to bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

UTIs are classified as infections of the upper urinary tract or lower urinary tract. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of all infections do UTIs account for?

25% Signup and view all the answers

How many women are diagnosed with UTIs in the United States annually?

8.1 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the cause of the majority of hospital-acquired infections?

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) Signup and view all the answers

What is a catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)?

A UTI that occurs while the patient had an indwelling urinary catheter in place for more than 2 calendar days on the day that the infection was detected. Signup and view all the answers

How does the urethra assist in maintaining the sterility of the bladder?

By providing a physical barrier against bacteria. Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of urine flow in relation to the bladder?

To carry bacteria away from the bladder. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of an uncomplicated lower urinary tract infection (UTI)?

Suprapubic pain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors may contribute to the higher incidence of UTIs in men?

Chronic bacterial prostatitis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the most common organism seen in older patients with UTIs in the community or hospital?

Escherichia coli Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common early symptom of a urinary tract infection (UTI) in postmenopausal women and older adults?

Fever Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)?

Urinary stasis Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible symptom of a UTI in patients who have been previously treated with antibiotics?

Frequent reinfections Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a possible route through which bacteria can enter the urinary tract?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when prescribing antibiotics for a UTI?

Fluid intake Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of complicated urinary tract infections (UTIs)?

Gram-negative sepsis with shock Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a risk factor for recurrent urinary tract infections (UTIs) in postmenopausal women?

Decreased estrogen levels Signup and view all the answers

What should be altered in the antimicrobial regimen for older adults with a UTI?

Medication dosages Signup and view all the answers

What can develop with the onset of a UTI in some patients?

Incontinence and delirium Signup and view all the answers

When are antibiotics prescribed for a UTI?

When bacteriuria is present Signup and view all the answers

What age group is at risk for frequent reinfections with Enterococcus species?

Older adults Signup and view all the answers

What are some early symptoms of a UTI in postmenopausal women and older adults?

Malaise, nocturia, urinary incontinence Signup and view all the answers

What should be monitored when prescribing antibiotics for a UTI in older adults?

Kidney function Signup and view all the answers