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Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Shale Gas Quiz
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Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Shale Gas Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the formula for API gravity?

  • $API = 141.5 - \frac{\rho_{oil}}{131.5}$
  • $API = 141.5 \times \rho_{oil} - 131.5$
  • $API = \frac{141.5}{\rho_{oil}} - 131.5$ (correct)
  • $API = 141.5 + \frac{\rho_{oil}}{131.5}$

    • Which geological processes are essential for a functional petroleum system?

  • Trap, reservoir rock, and source rock
  • Accumulation and retention, migration, and maturation (correct)
  • Geometrical necessity, seal rock, and trap
  • Seal rock, trap, and migration

    • What does 'tight' refer to in the context of 'tight gas' and 'tight oil'?

  • Low viscosity
  • Low permeability (correct)
  • High porosity
  • High permeability

    • Which type of unconventional gas has low permeability?

    <p>Coalbed methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between unconventional and conventional fluids?

    <p>Viscosity and liquid gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of unconventional oil has the highest viscosity?

    <p>Extra heavy oil, bitumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of 'sour gas'?

    <p>Presence of hydrogen sulfide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional oil type is also known as 'bitumen'?

    <p>Heavy oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'UC' stand for in the context of unconventional oil and gas?

    <p>Unconventional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a petroleum system is functional?

    <p>Combination of geological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined?

    <p>Gas hydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where has methane hydrate recovery been achieved from beneath the seafloor?

    <p>Gulf of Mexico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is used in heavy oil recovery to reduce viscosity by increasing temperature?

    <p>Steam flooding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional oil type involves two horizontal wells for recovery, injecting steam to mobilize and produce oil?

    <p>Extra heavy oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Canada's significant reserves for bitumen mining located?

    <p>Tar sands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological processes comprise a functional petroleum system?

    <p>Accumulation, retention, reservoir rock, migration, source rock, and maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional petroleum systems differ from conventional systems with unique necessities and processes?

    <p>Shale gas, shale oil, and coal-bed methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can oil shale be heated to produce, with the process being expensive and environmentally damaging?

    <p>Oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive according to supply/cost curves for oil and gas?

    <p>Future oil and natural gas production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common recovery process used in unconventional petroleum systems?

    <p>Hydraulic fracturing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rock formation is a source rock for unconventional 'shale gas' reserves?

    <p>Ordovician Utica Shale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the porosities of the Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir?

    <p>5-15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of injecting proppant in hydraulic fracturing?

    <p>To keep fractures open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of well pads are utilized for production in shale reservoirs?

    <p>Closely-spaced well pads</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the production decline curve in the North Dakota Shale Oil province show?

    <p>Rapid decline from initial production rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total US gas production did shale gas account for in 2021?

    <p>79%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has European shale gas extraction faced in multiple years?

    <p>Bans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where has induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing been observed?

    <p>Arkansas, England, and the UK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is coalbed methane extracted?

    <p>By drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water to release methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage in heavy oil recovery?

    <p>To reduce viscosity by increasing temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where has methane hydrate recovery been achieved from beneath the seafloor?

    <p>Gulf of Mexico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important deposit for oil shale, despite its expensive and environmentally damaging extraction process?

    <p>Green River Formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used in heavy oil recovery to reduce viscosity by increasing temperature?

    <p>Steam flooding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between unconventional and conventional petroleum systems?

    <p>The geological processes involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary recovery process used in unconventional petroleum systems to mobilize and produce oil from extra heavy oil?

    <p>Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between conventional and unconventional fluids in the context of oil and gas?

    <p>Conventional fluids are based on viscosity and liquid gravity, while unconventional fluids have unique necessities and processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional oil type involves injecting steam to mobilize and produce oil?

    <p>Heavy oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'tight' refer to in the context of 'tight gas' and 'tight oil'?

    <p>Tight gas and tight oil refer to low permeability reservoirs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common unconventional oil type found in Canada's tar sands?

    <p>Bitumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological processes are essential for a functional petroleum system?

    <p>Accumulation and retention, reservoir rock, and migration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological processes are essential for a functional petroleum system?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined?

    <p>Gas hydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main extraction method for coalbed methane?

    <p>Drilling vertical wells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional oil type involves two horizontal wells for recovery, injecting steam to mobilize and produce oil?

    <p>Heavy oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of 'sour gas'?

    <p>High sulfur content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'UC' stand for in the context of unconventional oil and gas?

    <p>Unconventional Crude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a petroleum system is functional?

    <p>Accumulation and retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are the significant reserves for bitumen mining located?

    <p>Canada</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the API gravity formula measure?

    <p>Viscosity and liquid gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of injecting proppant in hydraulic fracturing?

    <p>To keep fractures open and allow gas to flow out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which US state is the Ordovician Utica Shale a source rock for unconventional 'shale gas' reserves?

    <p>New York State</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the porosities of the Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir?

    <p>5-15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has European shale gas extraction faced in multiple years?

    <p>Bans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where has induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing been observed?

    <p>Arkansas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total US gas production did shale gas account for in 2021?

    <p>79%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of 'sour gas'?

    <p>Contains hydrogen sulfide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological process is essential for a functional petroleum system?

    <p>Source rock generation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary recovery process used in unconventional petroleum systems?

    <p>Hydraulic fracturing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used in extracting coalbed methane?

    <p>Drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Shale Gas

    • Shale gas and shale oil, along with tight gas and tight oil, are unconventional petroleum systems due to low permeability reservoir rock.
    • These unconventional systems use similar recovery processes, such as hydraulic fracturing, and are often grouped together.
    • Source rocks for unconventional "shale gas" reserves include the Ordovician Utica Shale in New York State and the Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay in the Wessex Basin.
    • The Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir in the United States has porosities ranging from 5-15% and permeabilities of 200-2000 ηD, making it a significant shale gas reservoir.
    • Hydraulic fracturing involves drilling wells, fracturing the reservoir by pumping thickened fluid, injecting proppant to keep fractures open, and allowing gas to flow out following the returned fluid.
    • Shale reservoirs utilize closely-spaced well pads for production.
    • Production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province show a rapid decline from initial production rates, with restimulation being costly but potentially rejuvenating.
    • In 2021, shale gas accounted for 79% of total US gas production, while tight oil accounted for 64% of total US oil production.
    • Despite concerns and hostility, tight oil and shale gas remain resilient, consistently exceeding performance projections in the US.
    • European shale gas extraction has faced bans in multiple years, indicating opposition to this extraction method.
    • Induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing has been observed in various locations, including Arkansas, England, and the UK, with difficulties in accurately predicting the probability or magnitude of earthquakes linked to fracking operations.
    • Coalbed methane, which forms during the process of coalification, is extracted by drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water to release methane.

    Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Shale Gas

    • Shale gas and shale oil, along with tight gas and tight oil, are unconventional petroleum systems due to low permeability reservoir rock.
    • These unconventional systems use similar recovery processes, such as hydraulic fracturing, and are often grouped together.
    • Source rocks for unconventional "shale gas" reserves include the Ordovician Utica Shale in New York State and the Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay in the Wessex Basin.
    • The Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir in the United States has porosities ranging from 5-15% and permeabilities of 200-2000 ηD, making it a significant shale gas reservoir.
    • Hydraulic fracturing involves drilling wells, fracturing the reservoir by pumping thickened fluid, injecting proppant to keep fractures open, and allowing gas to flow out following the returned fluid.
    • Shale reservoirs utilize closely-spaced well pads for production.
    • Production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province show a rapid decline from initial production rates, with restimulation being costly but potentially rejuvenating.
    • In 2021, shale gas accounted for 79% of total US gas production, while tight oil accounted for 64% of total US oil production.
    • Despite concerns and hostility, tight oil and shale gas remain resilient, consistently exceeding performance projections in the US.
    • European shale gas extraction has faced bans in multiple years, indicating opposition to this extraction method.
    • Induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing has been observed in various locations, including Arkansas, England, and the UK, with difficulties in accurately predicting the probability or magnitude of earthquakes linked to fracking operations.
    • Coalbed methane, which forms during the process of coalification, is extracted by drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water to release methane.

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    GEOL40310_LectureA12_Unconventionals_2023.pdf

    Description

    Test your knowledge of unconventional petroleum systems and shale gas with this insightful quiz. Explore topics such as hydraulic fracturing, shale gas reservoirs, tight oil production, and the challenges and controversies surrounding unconventional extraction methods.

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