Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Shale Gas Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is an example of unconventional gas?

  • Methane Hydrates
  • Tight Gas
  • Shale Gas (correct)
  • Sour Gas

    • What is the formula for calculating API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity?

  • $API = 141.5 - 131.5(\rho_{oil} - \rho_{water})$
  • $API = \frac{141.5}{\rho_{oil}} - 131.5$ (correct)
  • $API = 141.5(\rho_{oil} - \rho_{water}) - 131.5$
  • $API = 141.5 - \frac{\rho_{oil}}{131.5}$

    • What geological process is NOT a part of a functional petroleum system?

  • Migration
  • Accumulation and retention
  • Hydration (correct)
  • Maturation

    • Which of the following is an example of unconventional oil?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'tight' refer to in the context of 'tight gas' and 'tight oil'?

    <p>Low permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids based on?

    <p>Viscosity and liquid gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of unconventional gas?

    <p>Natural Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of unconventional oil and gas resources?

    <p>Difficult extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'UC' stand for in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'?

    <p>Unconventional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'API' stand for in the context of 'API gravity'?

    <p>American Petroleum Institute</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined?

    <p>Gas hydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where has methane hydrate recovery been achieved from beneath the seafloor?

    <p>Gulf of Mexico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heavy oil recovery method involves reducing viscosity by increasing temperature?

    <p>Steam flooding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Canada's significant reserves for bitumen mining located?

    <p>Tar sands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological processes comprise a functional petroleum system?

    <p>Source rock, maturation, reservoir rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional oil type involves injection of steam to mobilize and produce oil?

    <p>Extra heavy oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional petroleum systems differ from conventional systems with unique necessities and processes?

    <p>Shale gas, shale oil, and coal-bed methane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important deposit for oil shale?

    <p>Green River Formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where has offshore methane hydrate production test sites demonstrated gas production by reservoir depressurization?

    <p>Nankai Trough in Japan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to supply/cost curves, what is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive?

    <p>Future oil and natural gas production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are unconventional petroleum systems characterized by?

    <p>Low permeability reservoir rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which rock formations are mentioned as source rocks for unconventional 'shale gas' reserves?

    <p>Utica Shale and Kimmeridge Clay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the porosities and permeabilities of the Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir?

    <p>Porosities ranging from 5-15% and permeabilities of 200-2000 ηD</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of injecting proppant in hydraulic fracturing?

    <p>To keep fractures open in the reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province?

    <p>Rapid decline from initial production rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total US gas production did shale gas account for in 2021?

    <p>79%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the status of European shale gas extraction according to the text?

    <p>It has faced bans in multiple years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difficulty in predicting induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing operations?

    <p>Difficulties in accurately predicting the probability or magnitude of earthquakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method for extracting coalbed methane?

    <p>Drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total US oil production did tight oil account for in 2021?

    <p>64%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What geological processes are part of a functional petroleum system?

    <p>Accumulation and retention, migration, source rock maturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity?

    <p>$API = \frac{141.5}{\rho_{oil}} - 131.5$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'tight' refer to in the context of 'tight gas' and 'tight oil'?

    <p>Low permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional oil type involves injection of steam to mobilize and produce oil?

    <p>Heavy oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are Canada's significant reserves for bitumen mining located?

    <p>Alberta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined?

    <p>Methane Hydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids based on?

    <p>Viscosity and liquid gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of unconventional gas?

    <p>Natural Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'UC' stand for in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'?

    <p>Unconventional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to supply/cost curves, what is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive?

    <p>Unconventional Gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of injecting proppant in hydraulic fracturing?

    <p>To keep fractures open and allow gas to flow out</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional petroleum system accounted for 79% of total US gas production in 2021?

    <p>Shale gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What rock formations are mentioned as source rocks for unconventional 'shale gas' reserves?

    <p>Ordovician Utica Shale and Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the status of European shale gas extraction according to the text?

    <p>It has faced bans in multiple years, indicating opposition to this extraction method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province?

    <p>They show a rapid decline from initial production rates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unconventional petroleum system accounted for 64% of total US oil production in 2021?

    <p>Tight oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unconventional petroleum system has porosities ranging from 5-15% and permeabilities of 200-2000 ηD?

    <p>Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional petroleum system has faced bans in multiple years?

    <p>European shale gas extraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where has induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing been observed?

    <p>Arkansas, England, and the UK</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unconventional petroleum system utilizes closely-spaced well pads for production?

    <p>Shale reservoirs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used in heavy oil recovery to reduce viscosity by increasing temperature?

    <p>In-situ combustion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional oil recovery method involves two horizontal wells for extra heavy oil recovery, injecting steam to mobilize and produce oil?

    <p>Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important deposit for oil shale?

    <p>Green River Formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined?

    <p>Gas hydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where has methane hydrate recovery been achieved from beneath the seafloor?

    <p>Gulf of Mexico</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids based on?

    <p>Geological processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province?

    <p>Rapid decline followed by stabilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity?

    <p>$141.5/SG - 131.5$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'UC' stand for in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'?

    <p>Unconventional Crude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total US gas production did shale gas account for in 2021?

    <p>About 70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Shale Gas

    • Shale gas and shale oil, along with tight gas and tight oil, are unconventional petroleum systems due to low permeability reservoir rock.
    • These unconventional systems use similar recovery processes, such as hydraulic fracturing, and are often grouped together.
    • Source rocks for unconventional "shale gas" reserves include the Ordovician Utica Shale in New York State and the Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay in the Wessex Basin.
    • The Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir in the United States has porosities ranging from 5-15% and permeabilities of 200-2000 ηD, making it a significant shale gas reservoir.
    • Hydraulic fracturing involves drilling wells, fracturing the reservoir by pumping thickened fluid, injecting proppant to keep fractures open, and allowing gas to flow out following the returned fluid.
    • Shale reservoirs utilize closely-spaced well pads for production.
    • Production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province show a rapid decline from initial production rates, with restimulation being costly but potentially rejuvenating.
    • In 2021, shale gas accounted for 79% of total US gas production, while tight oil accounted for 64% of total US oil production.
    • Despite concerns and hostility, tight oil and shale gas remain resilient, consistently exceeding performance projections in the US.
    • European shale gas extraction has faced bans in multiple years, indicating opposition to this extraction method.
    • Induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing has been observed in various locations, including Arkansas, England, and the UK, with difficulties in accurately predicting the probability or magnitude of earthquakes linked to fracking operations.
    • Coalbed methane, which forms during the process of coalification, is extracted by drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water to release methane.

    Unconventional Fossil Fuels and Petroleum Systems

    • Gas hydrates occur naturally in marine sediments and permafrost, potentially containing more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined.
    • USGS estimates suggest significant organic carbon content in gas hydrate deposits.
    • Methane hydrate recovery has been achieved from beneath the seafloor in the Gulf of Mexico.
    • Offshore methane hydrate production test sites, like the Nankai Trough in Japan, have demonstrated gas production by reservoir depressurization.
    • Various unconventional oil types include tight oil, heavy oil, extra heavy oil, bitumen, and shale oil.
    • Steam flooding is used in heavy oil recovery, reducing viscosity by increasing temperature, as seen in the Kern River Field in California.
    • Stream Assisted Gravity Drainage involves two horizontal wells for extra heavy oil recovery, injecting steam to mobilize and produce oil.
    • Canada's tar sands are a significant reserve for bitumen mining, requiring upgrading to synthetic crude oil before shipping.
    • A functional petroleum system comprises geological processes like accumulation, retention, reservoir rock, migration, source rock, and maturation.
    • Petroleum systems for shale gas, shale oil, and coal-bed methane differ from conventional systems, with unique necessities and processes.
    • Oil shale can be heated to produce oil, but the process is expensive and environmentally damaging, with the most important deposit being the Green River Formation.
    • Future oil and natural gas production is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive, according to supply/cost curves for oil and gas.

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    GEOL 40310 Lecture A12 - Unconventionals (2023) PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge of unconventional petroleum systems and shale gas with this insightful quiz. Explore topics such as hydraulic fracturing, shale gas reservoirs, tight oil production, and the challenges and controversies surrounding unconventional extraction methods.

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