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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is an example of unconventional gas?
Which of the following is an example of unconventional gas?
- Methane Hydrates
- Tight Gas
- Shale Gas (correct)
- Sour Gas
What is the formula for calculating API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity?
What is the formula for calculating API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity?
- $API = 141.5 - 131.5(\rho_{oil} - \rho_{water})$
- $API = \frac{141.5}{\rho_{oil}} - 131.5$ (correct)
- $API = 141.5(\rho_{oil} - \rho_{water}) - 131.5$
- $API = 141.5 - \frac{\rho_{oil}}{131.5}$
What geological process is NOT a part of a functional petroleum system?
What geological process is NOT a part of a functional petroleum system?
- Migration
- Accumulation and retention
- Hydration (correct)
- Maturation
Which of the following is an example of unconventional oil?
Which of the following is an example of unconventional oil?
What does 'tight' refer to in the context of 'tight gas' and 'tight oil'?
What does 'tight' refer to in the context of 'tight gas' and 'tight oil'?
What is the primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids based on?
What is the primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids based on?
Which of the following is NOT an example of unconventional gas?
Which of the following is NOT an example of unconventional gas?
What is the key characteristic of unconventional oil and gas resources?
What is the key characteristic of unconventional oil and gas resources?
What does 'UC' stand for in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'?
What does 'UC' stand for in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'?
What does 'API' stand for in the context of 'API gravity'?
What does 'API' stand for in the context of 'API gravity'?
Which unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined?
Which unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined?
Where has methane hydrate recovery been achieved from beneath the seafloor?
Where has methane hydrate recovery been achieved from beneath the seafloor?
Which heavy oil recovery method involves reducing viscosity by increasing temperature?
Which heavy oil recovery method involves reducing viscosity by increasing temperature?
Where are Canada's significant reserves for bitumen mining located?
Where are Canada's significant reserves for bitumen mining located?
What geological processes comprise a functional petroleum system?
What geological processes comprise a functional petroleum system?
Which unconventional oil type involves injection of steam to mobilize and produce oil?
Which unconventional oil type involves injection of steam to mobilize and produce oil?
Which unconventional petroleum systems differ from conventional systems with unique necessities and processes?
Which unconventional petroleum systems differ from conventional systems with unique necessities and processes?
What is the most important deposit for oil shale?
What is the most important deposit for oil shale?
Where has offshore methane hydrate production test sites demonstrated gas production by reservoir depressurization?
Where has offshore methane hydrate production test sites demonstrated gas production by reservoir depressurization?
According to supply/cost curves, what is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive?
According to supply/cost curves, what is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive?
What are unconventional petroleum systems characterized by?
What are unconventional petroleum systems characterized by?
Which rock formations are mentioned as source rocks for unconventional 'shale gas' reserves?
Which rock formations are mentioned as source rocks for unconventional 'shale gas' reserves?
What are the porosities and permeabilities of the Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir?
What are the porosities and permeabilities of the Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir?
What is the primary purpose of injecting proppant in hydraulic fracturing?
What is the primary purpose of injecting proppant in hydraulic fracturing?
What is the characteristic of production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province?
What is the characteristic of production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province?
What percentage of total US gas production did shale gas account for in 2021?
What percentage of total US gas production did shale gas account for in 2021?
What is the status of European shale gas extraction according to the text?
What is the status of European shale gas extraction according to the text?
What is the difficulty in predicting induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing operations?
What is the difficulty in predicting induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing operations?
What is the method for extracting coalbed methane?
What is the method for extracting coalbed methane?
What percentage of total US oil production did tight oil account for in 2021?
What percentage of total US oil production did tight oil account for in 2021?
What geological processes are part of a functional petroleum system?
What geological processes are part of a functional petroleum system?
What is the formula for calculating API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity?
What is the formula for calculating API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity?
What does 'tight' refer to in the context of 'tight gas' and 'tight oil'?
What does 'tight' refer to in the context of 'tight gas' and 'tight oil'?
Which unconventional oil type involves injection of steam to mobilize and produce oil?
Which unconventional oil type involves injection of steam to mobilize and produce oil?
Where are Canada's significant reserves for bitumen mining located?
Where are Canada's significant reserves for bitumen mining located?
What unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined?
What unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined?
What is the primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids based on?
What is the primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids based on?
Which of the following is NOT an example of unconventional gas?
Which of the following is NOT an example of unconventional gas?
What does 'UC' stand for in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'?
What does 'UC' stand for in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'?
According to supply/cost curves, what is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive?
According to supply/cost curves, what is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive?
What is the primary purpose of injecting proppant in hydraulic fracturing?
What is the primary purpose of injecting proppant in hydraulic fracturing?
Which unconventional petroleum system accounted for 79% of total US gas production in 2021?
Which unconventional petroleum system accounted for 79% of total US gas production in 2021?
What rock formations are mentioned as source rocks for unconventional 'shale gas' reserves?
What rock formations are mentioned as source rocks for unconventional 'shale gas' reserves?
What is the status of European shale gas extraction according to the text?
What is the status of European shale gas extraction according to the text?
What is the characteristic of production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province?
What is the characteristic of production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province?
What unconventional petroleum system accounted for 64% of total US oil production in 2021?
What unconventional petroleum system accounted for 64% of total US oil production in 2021?
What unconventional petroleum system has porosities ranging from 5-15% and permeabilities of 200-2000 ηD?
What unconventional petroleum system has porosities ranging from 5-15% and permeabilities of 200-2000 ηD?
Which unconventional petroleum system has faced bans in multiple years?
Which unconventional petroleum system has faced bans in multiple years?
Where has induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing been observed?
Where has induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing been observed?
What unconventional petroleum system utilizes closely-spaced well pads for production?
What unconventional petroleum system utilizes closely-spaced well pads for production?
What is the primary method used in heavy oil recovery to reduce viscosity by increasing temperature?
What is the primary method used in heavy oil recovery to reduce viscosity by increasing temperature?
Which unconventional oil recovery method involves two horizontal wells for extra heavy oil recovery, injecting steam to mobilize and produce oil?
Which unconventional oil recovery method involves two horizontal wells for extra heavy oil recovery, injecting steam to mobilize and produce oil?
What is the most important deposit for oil shale?
What is the most important deposit for oil shale?
Which unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined?
Which unconventional fossil fuel potentially contains more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined?
Where has methane hydrate recovery been achieved from beneath the seafloor?
Where has methane hydrate recovery been achieved from beneath the seafloor?
What is the primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids based on?
What is the primary distinction between conventional and unconventional fluids based on?
What is the characteristic of production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province?
What is the characteristic of production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province?
What is the formula for calculating API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity?
What is the formula for calculating API (American Petroleum Institute) gravity?
What does 'UC' stand for in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'?
What does 'UC' stand for in the context of 'UC C C' and 'UC'?
What percentage of total US gas production did shale gas account for in 2021?
What percentage of total US gas production did shale gas account for in 2021?
Study Notes
Unconventional Petroleum Systems and Shale Gas
- Shale gas and shale oil, along with tight gas and tight oil, are unconventional petroleum systems due to low permeability reservoir rock.
- These unconventional systems use similar recovery processes, such as hydraulic fracturing, and are often grouped together.
- Source rocks for unconventional "shale gas" reserves include the Ordovician Utica Shale in New York State and the Jurassic Kimmeridge Clay in the Wessex Basin.
- The Marcellus Shale Gas Reservoir in the United States has porosities ranging from 5-15% and permeabilities of 200-2000 ηD, making it a significant shale gas reservoir.
- Hydraulic fracturing involves drilling wells, fracturing the reservoir by pumping thickened fluid, injecting proppant to keep fractures open, and allowing gas to flow out following the returned fluid.
- Shale reservoirs utilize closely-spaced well pads for production.
- Production decline curves in the North Dakota Shale Oil province show a rapid decline from initial production rates, with restimulation being costly but potentially rejuvenating.
- In 2021, shale gas accounted for 79% of total US gas production, while tight oil accounted for 64% of total US oil production.
- Despite concerns and hostility, tight oil and shale gas remain resilient, consistently exceeding performance projections in the US.
- European shale gas extraction has faced bans in multiple years, indicating opposition to this extraction method.
- Induced seismicity from hydraulic fracturing has been observed in various locations, including Arkansas, England, and the UK, with difficulties in accurately predicting the probability or magnitude of earthquakes linked to fracking operations.
- Coalbed methane, which forms during the process of coalification, is extracted by drilling wells into coal seams and pumping out water to release methane.
Unconventional Fossil Fuels and Petroleum Systems
- Gas hydrates occur naturally in marine sediments and permafrost, potentially containing more organic carbon than coal, oil, and natural gas combined.
- USGS estimates suggest significant organic carbon content in gas hydrate deposits.
- Methane hydrate recovery has been achieved from beneath the seafloor in the Gulf of Mexico.
- Offshore methane hydrate production test sites, like the Nankai Trough in Japan, have demonstrated gas production by reservoir depressurization.
- Various unconventional oil types include tight oil, heavy oil, extra heavy oil, bitumen, and shale oil.
- Steam flooding is used in heavy oil recovery, reducing viscosity by increasing temperature, as seen in the Kern River Field in California.
- Stream Assisted Gravity Drainage involves two horizontal wells for extra heavy oil recovery, injecting steam to mobilize and produce oil.
- Canada's tar sands are a significant reserve for bitumen mining, requiring upgrading to synthetic crude oil before shipping.
- A functional petroleum system comprises geological processes like accumulation, retention, reservoir rock, migration, source rock, and maturation.
- Petroleum systems for shale gas, shale oil, and coal-bed methane differ from conventional systems, with unique necessities and processes.
- Oil shale can be heated to produce oil, but the process is expensive and environmentally damaging, with the most important deposit being the Green River Formation.
- Future oil and natural gas production is expected to be increasingly unconventional and expensive, according to supply/cost curves for oil and gas.
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Description
Test your knowledge of unconventional petroleum systems and shale gas with this insightful quiz. Explore topics such as hydraulic fracturing, shale gas reservoirs, tight oil production, and the challenges and controversies surrounding unconventional extraction methods.
