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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is the correct way to add multi-line documentation in Java?

  • `## Start of documentation`
  • `<!-- Start of documentation -->`
  • `/* Start of documentation` (correct)
  • `// Start of documentation`

What is the primary purpose of 'setting the path' after installing the Java Development Kit (JDK)?

  • To automatically update the JDK to the latest version.
  • To configure the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) settings.
  • To specify the location where Java programs will be saved.
  • To enable the operating system to locate the Java compiler and other executables. (correct)

A software development team is working on a Java tax program intended for use in Botswana. Which of the following documentation elements would be MOST crucial to include?

  • A detailed explanation of the algorithms used for tax calculation.
  • The program's author and version number.
  • Instructions on how to install the Java Runtime Environment (JRE).
  • Limitations, such as adherence to Botswana tax laws and restrictions on handling organizations with very high earnings. (correct)

What is the correct command to execute a compiled Java program named HelloWorld from the command line?

<p><code>java HelloWorld</code> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the following incomplete Java code snippet:

public class Example { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello, World") } }

What is the most likely reason this code will not compile?

<p>A semicolon is missing at the end of the <code>System.out.println</code> statement. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary function of a programming language?

<p>To provide a framework for describing computations and algorithms. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'syntax' in the context of programming languages?

<p>It represents the set of rules governing the structure and grammar of the language. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why have numerous programming languages been developed over time?

<p>To continuously improve upon existing languages and address specific program requirements. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of first-generation programming languages (machine language)?

<p>They directly control computer hardware and are machine dependent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do second-generation programming languages (assembly languages) improve upon first-generation languages?

<p>They use symbolic operation codes, making them easier to write and understand. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately compares assembly language (2nd generation) to machine language (1st generation)?

<p>Assembly language uses symbolic codes, while machine language uses binary codes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider an algorithm that performs a series of calculations. Which aspect is primarily determined by the choice of a specific programming language?

<p>The specific syntax used to express the algorithm. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A software developer needs to write very efficient code that directly controls the hardware. Which generation of programming language would be most suitable?

<p>First Generation (Machine Language) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of a compiler in the context of programming languages?

<p>Translates source code into machine language (object code). (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do object-oriented languages conceptualize programming problems?

<p>As a collection of interconnected objects with specific behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is most representative of fifth-generation programming languages?

<p>Use of mathematical logic and rule-based approaches. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean for Java to be a platform-independent language?

<p>Java code can run on any device with a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Fourth Generation Languages primarily simplify programming tasks?

<p>By offering pre-built application generators and report writers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In object-oriented programming, what does an 'object' encapsulate?

<p>Both data and the behaviors related to a specific entity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which programming language paradigm is characterized by the concept that 'everything is a function'?

<p>Functional programming. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technological advancement is most closely associated with the rise of Java as a versatile programming language?

<p>The invention of the microprocessor. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Java, what constitutes a 'Java Application' or program?

<p>A problem solution achieved through communicating Java objects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a primary benefit of using Java?

<p>The necessity to purchase licenses for its use. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Java Development Kit (JDK)?

<p>It supports developing Java software by compiling and debugging code. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is necessary ONLY for running pre-created Java applications, without the need for development?

<p>Java Runtime Environment (JRE). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Sun Microsystems initially fund the "Green" project?

<p>To investigate opportunities in intelligent devices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary reason the "Green" team needed to rename the Oak programming language?

<p>There was already a programming language with the name Oak. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given a Java source file named MyClass.java, what command should you use to compile it from the command line?

<p><code>javac MyClass.java</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What event led to the re-focusing of Java towards computers and away from intelligent devices?

<p>The rise in popularity of the internet. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of matching the filename with the class name in Java?

<p>It is a requirement for public classes to ensure correct compilation and execution. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Java Plug-in?

<p>To enable the execution of Java applets and applications within web browsers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before Java, what type of content could web pages typically deliver to users?

<p>Only text and images. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What capability did Java enable for web browsers, significantly enhancing the user experience?

<p>The downloading and execution of programs (Applets). (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a compiler in the context of Java program execution?

<p>To translate Java source code into Java bytecode that can be run on any system with a JVM. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase "Write Once, Run Anywhere" signify in the context of Java?

<p>Java programs can run on any platform that has a Java Virtual Machine (JVM). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides web-based applets, what other type of application can Java be used to create?

<p>Standard, non-web-based programs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do 'Classes' and 'Objects' relate to each other in Java's Object-Oriented paradigm?

<p>Classes define the characteristics, and objects are instances of those classes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between System.out.print() and System.out.println() in Java?

<p><code>System.out.println()</code> adds a new line character after the output, while <code>System.out.print()</code> does not. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which escape sequence in Java is used to insert a horizontal tab?

<p><code>\t</code> (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the output of the following Java code snippet?

System.out.println("Hello\rWorld");

<p>Worldlo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Consider the following Java code:

int x = 5; System.out.print("The value of x is: " + x); System.out.print("\nNext line");

What will be the complete output?

<p>The value of x is: 5 Next line (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following escape sequences would you use to print a double quote (") in Java?

<p><code>\&quot;</code> (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Programming Language

A system of words, symbols, and rules used to instruct a computer to perform specific tasks.

Syntax

The set of grammatical rules that define the structure of a programming language.

Programming Language (Formal)

A set of rules for communicating an algorithm to a computer, describing the computations it should perform.

Machine Language

Low-level programming language using binary code (0s and 1s) to directly control the computer's hardware.

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Operation Code

A program code that represents specific operations to be performed by a computer's CPU.

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Operands

The data that is manipulated or processed by an instruction, identified by the operation code.

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Assembly Language

A second-generation programming language that uses symbolic codes to represent machine instructions.

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Assembler

A program that translate Assembly Language into Machine Language.

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java HelloWorld...

Command to execute a Java program.

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Java Compiler

Converts Java code into Java bytecode.

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Setting the Path

Tells the OS where to find the Java compiler.

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/* */ Comments

Used for multi-line documentation in Java.

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Semicolon (;)

Every Java instruction must end with this.

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Source Code

Programs written in human-readable code that needs to be translated into machine code.

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Object Code

Machine language programs created after source code is translated by a compiler.

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Compiler

A system program that translates source code into object code all at once.

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Interpreter

A system program that translates and executes source code line by line.

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Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs)

Programming-like systems simplifying the task of instructing a computer, often linked to specific applications.

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Object-Oriented Language

A programming approach that models a problem as interacting objects with defined behaviors.

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Fifth Generation Languages (5GLs)

Languages where you declare what result you want, not how to get it; often rule- or constraint-based.

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Java

A versatile, platform-independent programming language by Sun Microsystems, suitable for web and standalone software.

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Project Green

An internal research project by Sun Microsystems to explore new technology opportunities.

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Oak (programming language)

The initial name for Java, before it was changed due to a naming conflict.

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Write Once, Run Anywhere

Java's ability to run on different operating systems without modification.

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Applets

Small programs that run inside web browsers, enabled by Java.

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Object-Oriented Programming

A programming paradigm centered around "objects" that contain data and methods.

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Class (in Java)

A blueprint for creating objects, defining their characteristics and behaviours.

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Object (in Java)

An instance of a class, representing a specific entity with its own data.

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Eclipse

An integrated development environment (IDE) initially created by IBM for Java development.

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System.out.println()

A Java statement that displays text or variable values to the console, moving to the next line after output.

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System.out.print()

A Java statement that displays text or variable values to the console, without moving cursor to the next line.

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\t (Escape Sequence)

A formatting code that inserts a horizontal tab space.

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\r (Escape Sequence)

A formatting code that moves the cursor to the beginning of the current line.

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\n (Escape Sequence)

A formatting code that inserts a new line.

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Java Application

A problem solution built with communicating Java objects.

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Benefits of Java

Object-oriented, portable, secure, free, and has community support.

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Java API

Reusable pre-built classes in Java.

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Java Compilation

Translation of Java program (.java) into Java bytecode (.class).

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Java Interpretation

Executing Java bytecode by the Java Virtual Machine (JVM).

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JDK vs JRE

JDK is used for developing Java software; JRE is used only for running Java software.

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Java Development Kit (JDK)

Includes the tools to develop (JDK) and run (JRE) Java programs.

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Compile Java Program

Typing javac HelloWorld.java at the command line.

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Study Notes

  • This session introduces Java programming along with programming language concepts
  • It covers the generations of programming languages, the history of Java, and the process of creating, compiling, and executing Java programs

Programming Language Concepts

  • English is a natural language possessing words, symbols, and grammatical rules
  • Programming languages also incorporate words, symbols, and grammatical rules
  • Syntax refers to the grammatical rules in a programming language
  • Each programming language uses a different set of syntax rules
  • A programming language is a set of rules that communicates to a computer what operations to perform
  • It provides a linguistic framework for describing computations
  • Programming languages have evolved, giving rise to thousands of languages since the first were developed in the 1950s
  • Different programming languages are designed for different types of programs

Programming Language Types

  • First-generation languages use machine language
  • Machine language uses operation codes and operands, making it machine dependent
  • The code is efficient but very difficult to write
  • Second-generation languages use assembly languages
  • Here symbolic operation codes replace binary operation codes
  • Assembly language programs are assembled for execution where each instruction translates into one machine language instruction
  • The generated code is efficient and easier to write compared to machine language
  • Third-generation languages are closer to English and use mathematical notation
  • Programs are written in source code and translated into machine language, creating object code
  • The translation of source code to object code is accomplished by a compiler or an interpreter
  • FORTRAN, COBOL, C, C++, and Visual Basic are common third-generation languages
  • Fourth Generation Languages are systems simplifying the task of giving instructions to a computer
  • Many are associated with specific application packages like Query Languages, Report Writers, and Application Generators
  • Object-Oriented Languages express a computer problem as a series of objects, their behaviors, and their interactions
  • An object is any entity contained within a system (e.g., a window on your screen)
  • C++, Java, Smalltalk, and Eiffel are popular examples of object-oriented languages
  • Fifth-generation languages are of the following types: Declarative, Functional, Logic, and rule or Constraint-based
  • Lisp, Scheme, and SML are Functional, Prolog is Logic

Java

  • Java is a complete fourth-generation programming language developed by Sun Microsystems
  • It is used to develop web-based and stand-alone software with many available pre-created code libraries
  • It is platform independent

Java History

  • Sun Microsystems funded a research project called "Green," which resulted in the programming language called "Oak"
  • The name was changed to Java because a programming language already existed called Oak
  • The popularity of the Internet caused Sun to refocus Java on computers
  • Prior to Java, web pages primarily supported the downloading of text and images
  • Java enabled web browsers to download programs (Applets)
  • Java is still used in this context today
  • The structure of Java enabled platform-independence where code may be written once and run anywhere

Further uses for Java

  • Standard, non-web-based programs can be constructed using Java
  • Large companies use Java to create serious stand-alone applications
  • Eclipse is a programming environment created by IBM for developing Java programs

Java Features and Benefits

  • Java is object-oriented with classes that define problem characteristics
  • Each class instance or occurrence is represented by an 'Object' from that class category
  • Java objects communicate to solve a problem in an environment that is called a Java ‘Application' or program
  • Java has a rich collection of reusable classes called (API) or Application Programming Interface
  • It is usable across different computer environments, making it portable
  • Java consists of free downloads and is widely supported by the community and Sun Microsystems

Translating and Executing Java Programs

  • During Compilation a .java file turns into a .class file
  • The java program is fed to the java compiler (javac) which outputs Java bytecode (generic binary)
  • In the Interpreting and executing the bytecode Stage
  • A .class file is then interpreted and executed Java bytecode (generic binary) is fed into the Java interpreter (java)
  • The output is machine language instruction for UNIX, Windows, or Apple

Which Java Version

  • Java 6+ JDK (Java Development Kit), Standard Edition includes:
  • JDK (Java development kit) – for developing Java software (creating Java programs)
  • JRE (Java Runtime environment) – only good for running pre-created Java programs
  • Java Plug-in – a special version of the JRE designed to run through web browsers
  • Current version is 1.8.0, also known as Java1.8 or JDK8
  • J2EE (Java-Two Enterprise Edition) is an enterprise version available for advanced programmers

The compilation process

  • The name of the online example is: HelloWorld.java
  • Note that the file name matches the word after the keyword 'class'
  • Type the program into a text editor, and save it as HelloWorld.java
  • Compile the program by typing at the command-line: javac HelloWorld.java
  • Execute the program by typing at the command-line: java HelloWorld
  • Java programs are created from source code with a .java filename extension
  • To compile the program at the command line type "javac filename.java"
  • To run the interpreter, at the command line type "java filename"
  • To be able to run a Java compiler at Home
  • After installing Java users need to indicate to the operating system where the java compiler has been installed (‘setting the path')
  • Details of how to set the path variable are available for specific operating systems on the Sun or Java website

Documentation and Comments

  • Multi-line documentation format: /* Start of documentation
  • / End of documentation
  • Documentation for a single line can be established with: //Everything until the end of the line is a comment

Java Review

  • Document the program author, program purpose, specific program features, its limitations, and the version of the program

Java basics

  • Each Java instruction must be followed by a semi-colon
  • Here is the general structure: Instruction1; Instruction2;
  • Example: int num = 0; System.out.println(num);

Java Output format

  • System.out.print( + <string or variable name two..);
  • OR
  • System.out.println( + <string or variable name two..);

Escape Sequences For Formatting

  • \t = Horizontal tab
  • \r = Carriage return
  • \n = New line
  • " = Double quote
  • \ = Backslash

What you should know

  • Programming language concepts and types How Java was developed and the impact of its roots on the language
  • Different Java versions
  • The basic structure required in creating a simple Java program as well as how to compile and run programs
  • How to document a Java program

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