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• Health originates from the Old English word "hael," signifying wholeness and encompassing a person's overall soundness.
• Health refers to the state of a person functioning as a complete entity or unit.
• DOH/WHO defines health: a state of complete emotional (social and mental; cultural appreciation) and physical well-being.
• WHO (1948) defines health: a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
• Cultural appreciation involves learning, exploring, understanding, honoring beliefs, and seeking to understand different cultures.

Three Types of Definition of Health

• Health is the absence of disease or impairment.
• Health allows the individual to cope.
• Health is a state of balance between oneself and the environment.

Education

• Involves facilitating learning or the acquisition of knowledge.
• It entails helping people learn to do things and supporting them through health teaching.

Health Education

• Encompasses learning experiences designed to help individuals and communities improve their health.
• Achieved by increasing their knowledge.

Dimensions of Health (PMES3)

• Physical Health: involves the state of one's body, including its fitness and absence of illness.
• Mental Health: concerns a positive sense of purpose and an underlying belief in one's self-worth.
• Emotional Health: involves the ability to appropriately express one's feelings and develop/sustain relationships.
• Social Health: includes the support system available from family and friends, emphasizing "no man is an island."
• Spiritual Health: involves the recognition of a Supreme Being or Force and the ability to put moral principles or beliefs into practice.
• Sexual Health: acceptance of and the ability to achieve a satisfactory expression of one's sexuality.

Bottom-Line Factors in Health Education

• Sound Conversational Skills: use natural, spontaneous phrases that convey emotion and attitude to add flavor to interactions.
• Project Your Voice: speaking loudly and clearly
• Make Eye Contact
• Pace Yourself
• Gesticulate: Use expressive body movements to convey emotions, emphasize points, or illustrate ideas.
• Good Posture: practice proper body mechanics.
• Speak Passionately: Convey enthusiasm, conviction, and emotion through your words, tone, and body language.
• Use IM/VA: Be Yourself.

Purpose of Health Education

• Positively influence health behavior/perspectives of individuals/communities.
• Develop self-efficacy to adopt healthy lifestyles for healthy communities.

Importance of Health Education

• Empowers people to decide to enhance their life quality – CONSENT.
• Equips people with knowledge to prevent illness, maintain health, apply measures to prevent complications/premature deaths and improves overall health.
• Enhances the quality of life by promoting healthy lifestyles.
• Creates awareness of preventive and promotive care.
• Reduces costs involved in medical treatment or hospitalization.

Legal Basis in the Nursing Curriculum

• Philippines Nursing Act of 2002 – RA 9173
  • Provides health education to individuals, families, and communities.
  • Involves teaching, guiding, and supervising students in nursing education.
  • Implements programs, including the administration of nursing services.

Functions of a Health Educator

• Assess individual/community needs and capabilities.
• Identify internal and external resources in the community.
• Plan, develop, and coordinate with government agencies/NGOs regarding health education programs.
• Do Community organizing and outreach programs.
• Conduct staff training and consult about behavioral, cultural, or social barriers to health.
• Conduct regular evaluation of health education programs (Follow-up).
• Make referrals.
• Develop audio, visual, print, and electronic materials for training and health education classes.
• Conduct research work and write scholarly articles.

Seven Areas of Responsibility

• Implement and Administer health education strategies, interventions, and programs.
• Conduct evaluation and research in relation to health education.
• Serve as a health education resource person.
• Assess individual/community needs for health education.
• Plan health education strategies, interventions, and programs.
• Communicate and advocate for health and health education.

Examples of Issues in Health Education

• Emotional health and positive self-image.
• Appreciation and care of the human body and its vital organs.
• Physical fitness.
• Health issues, alcohol, tobacco, drug use, and abuse.
• Health misconceptions and myth.
• Effects of exercise on body systems and on general well-being.
• Nutrition and weight control.
• Sexual relationships and sexuality.
• Communicable and degenerative diseases including STD or STI.
• Disaster preparedness.
• Safety and emergency situation.
• Environmental factors (air, water quality, food sanitation).

Trends Impacting on Health Care

• Social: Increase in degenerative diseases because aging of population requires self-reliance and maintenance of health.
• Economic: Shift in payer coverage, emphasis on managed care and earlier hospital discharge, and the issue on reimbursement.
• Political: Government formulates goals directed towards development of effective health education programs, creating health risk awareness.
• Politicians and healthcare administrators have recognized: role of education in health promotion/illness prevention contains costs of hospitalization/healthcare.

Biological, Psychological and Social Aspects of Health

• Biopsychosocial Model/BPS by George L. Engel: human experience of health/illness depends on interplay of interrelatedness of factors.
• Biological Factors
  • Functioning of organ systems and coping mechanisms.
  • Explains illness or disease due to breakdown in physical or physiological functioning.
• Psychological Factors: perceptions, thoughts, emotions, attitudes, and behaviors.
• Social Factors: socioeconomic status, cultural beliefs and practices, poverty, technology, environmental influences and conditions.
• BPS: disease is due to the combination of all 3 factors.
• The Holistic approach to healthcare: is done through a multidisciplinary approach to healthcare which is being followed by most other countries

Emerging Trends in Healthcare

• New "Healthcare Economics": presents primary care/continuing development of managed care which advocates reduce healthcare costs/prevent "overtreatment of patients"
• Use of Alternative Medicine: consumers variety of folk practices that promotes health and cures diseases.
  • Examples: Traditional herbs as medicines "SANTA LUBBY",Meditation, Alternative interventions etc.
• Medical Globalization (Medical Tourism): centers with world-class facilities are one of the tourist attractions.
• Advances in Medical Technology: promote patient compliance,self-administration of treatments.

Theories in Health Education

• Health Promotion Theory/Model: describes multidimensional nature of persons as they interact with their environment to pursue health.
• Social Cognitive Theory: explains human behavior by citing 3 continuously interacting factors (reciprocal determinism or triadic reciprocal causality).
  • Factors include:Personal factors(cognition, affect, biological events), Behavior, and Influences of environment.
• Health Belief Model: explains/predicts health-related behaviors, regarding the uptake of health services.
• PRECEDE-PROCEED Model: epidemiological perspective on health promotion to combat the causes of death.
  • PRECEDE: Predisposing, Reinforcing, Enabling Constructs in Educational Diagnosis and Evaluation.

Components/Concepts of Health Belief Model

• Perceived Susceptibility: the belief of getting a condition.
• Perceived Severity: the degree a condition/consequences are.
• Perceived Benefits: belief in the effect the action has to reduce the seriousness.
• Perceived Barriers: belief in costs of advised behavior.
• Cues to Action: strategies to activate readiness.
• Self-Efficacy: confidence in the ability to take action.

Implementation Factors for PRECEDE Model

• Involves assessing social problems/needs and desired results.
• Identify health determinants/set priorities and goals.
• Analyze behavioral and environmental determinants to reinforce/enable behaviors/lifestyles.
• Implement interventions with policy, regulatory, organizational, educational, environmental constructs while identifying desired outcomes/program implementation.

Learning

• Change in behavior (SKA) as result of exposure to environmental stimuli.
• SKA acquired is consciously/unconsciously.

Patient Education

• Assist people to learn health-related behaviors.

Staff Education

• Health Educator needs to be knowledgeable about principles of teaching/learning.

Pillars of the Teaching Learning Process

• Teacher - teacher factor
• Learner - skills, knowledge, and attitude
• Subject - matter-relevance

Nursing vs. Education

• Nursing meets client’s physical/psychosocial needs.
• Education identifies content/methods depending on learning needs/styles.

Assure Model as Education Paradigm

• ASSURE model guides teachers in IM making.
• Analyze the learner (general characteristics, competencies, learning styles etc).
• State objectives using SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Time-bound).
• Select instructional media/materials/designing/revising/making materials.
• Use media by practicing.
• Present and require student participation and feedback.
• Evaluate and revise.