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Questions and Answers
Which pregnancy test can identify HCG within 1 hour?
Which pregnancy test can identify HCG within 1 hour?
- Ultrasound
- Radio-receptor assay (correct)
- Radioimmunoassay
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay
Which condition is NOT considered a danger signal during pregnancy?
Which condition is NOT considered a danger signal during pregnancy?
- Persistent headache
- Vaginal bleeding
- Fever and chills
- Increased fatigue (correct)
Which of the following can be classified as a teratogen?
Which of the following can be classified as a teratogen?
- Regular exercise
- Balanced diet
- Low blood pressure
- Excessive alcohol intake (correct)
Which rule is associated with calculating the expected date of delivery (EDD)?
Which rule is associated with calculating the expected date of delivery (EDD)?
Which condition is likely to increase the risk during multiple gestation?
Which condition is likely to increase the risk during multiple gestation?
What is the primary disadvantage of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting pregnancy?
What is the primary disadvantage of the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting pregnancy?
Which of the following complications is NOT typically monitored for during pregnancy?
Which of the following complications is NOT typically monitored for during pregnancy?
Which of these factors is likely to influence the damage caused by a teratogen?
Which of these factors is likely to influence the damage caused by a teratogen?
What is the significance of identifying HCG in pregnancy tests?
What is the significance of identifying HCG in pregnancy tests?
What is defined by the number of infants born at the completion of 37 weeks' gestation or beyond?
What is defined by the number of infants born at the completion of 37 weeks' gestation or beyond?
Which term refers specifically to the health care provided to a woman during her pregnancy?
Which term refers specifically to the health care provided to a woman during her pregnancy?
What does the 'A' in the TPAL approach represent?
What does the 'A' in the TPAL approach represent?
Which of the following is a defined risk factor that may negatively impact pregnancy outcomes?
Which of the following is a defined risk factor that may negatively impact pregnancy outcomes?
At what gestation age is pregnancy considered terminated as 'abortion'?
At what gestation age is pregnancy considered terminated as 'abortion'?
Which age is indicated as a risk factor for negative pregnancy outcomes?
Which age is indicated as a risk factor for negative pregnancy outcomes?
What is referred to as the period during which a fertilized egg cell develops into a baby?
What is referred to as the period during which a fertilized egg cell develops into a baby?
What does gravidity indicate in the context of pregnancy?
What does gravidity indicate in the context of pregnancy?
What prenatal risk factor is associated with high body weight?
What prenatal risk factor is associated with high body weight?
What is a potential consequence of cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy?
What is a potential consequence of cytomegalovirus infection during pregnancy?
What teratogenic effect can chlamydia infection have during pregnancy?
What teratogenic effect can chlamydia infection have during pregnancy?
Which of the following vaccines is contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential fetal transmission of infection?
Which of the following vaccines is contraindicated during pregnancy due to potential fetal transmission of infection?
What type of infection can lead to optic atrophy in an infant when transmitted during pregnancy?
What type of infection can lead to optic atrophy in an infant when transmitted during pregnancy?
What is the risk associated with maternal herpes simplex virus (genital herpes infection) during the first trimester?
What is the risk associated with maternal herpes simplex virus (genital herpes infection) during the first trimester?
Which congenital condition is specifically associated with cytomegalovirus infection?
Which congenital condition is specifically associated with cytomegalovirus infection?
What type of maternal infection is transmitted via droplet infection and can severely affect fetal development?
What type of maternal infection is transmitted via droplet infection and can severely affect fetal development?
Which of the following conditions is NOT linked to the teratogenic effects of certain infections during pregnancy?
Which of the following conditions is NOT linked to the teratogenic effects of certain infections during pregnancy?
What is a common outcome of untreated chlamydia during pregnancy?
What is a common outcome of untreated chlamydia during pregnancy?
What characteristic is commonly associated with infants affected by congenital infections?
What characteristic is commonly associated with infants affected by congenital infections?
What is the earliest day on which the heart can begin to beat?
What is the earliest day on which the heart can begin to beat?
Which congenital anomaly is characterized by the absence of the head or brain?
Which congenital anomaly is characterized by the absence of the head or brain?
What is the recommended treatment of choice for syphilis during pregnancy?
What is the recommended treatment of choice for syphilis during pregnancy?
At what stage can the external genitalia be distinctly identified, but sex cannot yet be determined visibly?
At what stage can the external genitalia be distinctly identified, but sex cannot yet be determined visibly?
What screening test is recommended during the first prenatal visit for syphilis detection?
What screening test is recommended during the first prenatal visit for syphilis detection?
What structure surrounds the embryo during the early stages of development?
What structure surrounds the embryo during the early stages of development?
What can happen if syphilis is untreated beyond the 18th week of pregnancy?
What can happen if syphilis is untreated beyond the 18th week of pregnancy?
Which statement accurately describes neurological development by the third week of pregnancy?
Which statement accurately describes neurological development by the third week of pregnancy?
What major development occurs in the first lunar month regarding limb formation?
What major development occurs in the first lunar month regarding limb formation?
What is the average length of the embryo at the end of the first lunar month?
What is the average length of the embryo at the end of the first lunar month?
At what stage can sex differentiation be identified by UTZ?
At what stage can sex differentiation be identified by UTZ?
What key development occurs in the fetus around the end of eight lunar months (32 weeks)?
What key development occurs in the fetus around the end of eight lunar months (32 weeks)?
What is the approximate weight of a fetus at the end of nine lunar months (36 weeks)?
What is the approximate weight of a fetus at the end of nine lunar months (36 weeks)?
Which reflex becomes active by the end of the fetal development period mentioned?
Which reflex becomes active by the end of the fetal development period mentioned?
At which week does the formation of lanugo begin to diminish?
At which week does the formation of lanugo begin to diminish?
What is the significance of the LS ratio reaching 2:1 at the end of 36 weeks?
What is the significance of the LS ratio reaching 2:1 at the end of 36 weeks?
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Study Notes
Definitions and Concepts
- Gestation: The period from fertilization to delivery, typically lasting around 40 weeks.
- Prenatal Care: Healthcare provided to a woman during pregnancy, aimed at maximizing health for both mother and baby.
- Gravida: Refers to a woman who is pregnant.
- Abortion: Termination of pregnancy before viability (24 weeks AOG or 400 grams); can be spontaneous or therapeutic.
- TPAL Approach: A system to summarize pregnancy history—T (term births), P (preterm births), A (abortions), L (living children).
Risk Factors in Pregnancy
- High-Risk Indicators: Factors negatively impacting pregnancy outcomes include:
- Low income/education
- Poor diet
- High altitude living
- Multiple pregnancies (>3)
- Weight extremes (over 200 lbs or under 100 lbs)
- Age (≥35 years)
- Substance abuse (drugs, smoking, alcohol)
- Medical conditions (anemia, hypertension, diabetes)
Pregnancy Testing Methods
- Radio-receptor Assay (RRA): Identifies HCG in blood within 1 hour.
- Radioimmunoassay (RIA): Detects HCG within 1-3 hours; reliable pregnancy detection about 6 days post-conception.
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA): Highly sensitive urine test for HCG, results in 4 minutes.
Measurement of Expected Delivery
- EDD Calculation: Various rules (Nagele's, McDonald's, Johnson’s) are used to estimate the expected date of delivery.
Danger Signals in Pregnancy
- Fever and Chills: May indicate intrauterine infection.
- Vaginal Bleeding: Should be reported regardless of severity; any unusual symptoms warrant notification.
Teratogens and Their Impact
- Teratogens: Factors that can cause developmental malformations. Their effects can include:
- Physical and cognitive impairments.
- Growth restrictions.
- Potential Teratogenic Features:
- Mental and motor development issues, eye defects, and hearing impairments.
- Certain vaccines (e.g., live virus vaccines) are contraindicated during pregnancy due to risk of fetal infection.
Fetal Development Timeline
- First Lunar Month: Heart starts to beat by the end of the 4th week; limbs and lungs begin forming.
- Two Lunar Months: More distinct head and external genitalia; amniotic fluid surrounds the embryo.
- Five Lunar Months: Brown fat forms; fetal movements become apparent.
- Eight Lunar Months: High likelihood of survival for preterm infants with proper care; responds to external stimuli.
- Nine Lunar Months: Fetus reaches a rounded body shape; develops skin and fat layers.
Key Points About Fetal Viability
- Infants born at 32 weeks have a high survival rate.
- Fetal heartbeat detectable; sex identifiable by 14 weeks through ultrasound.
- The L/S (lecithin/sphingomyelin) ratio supports lung maturity.
Medical Interventions
- Management of Infections (e.g., genital herpes): C-section may be recommended for women with lesions during labor.
- Syphilis Treatment: Benzathine penicillin effective in early pregnancy; untreated cases lead to severe fetal complications.
Understanding these key concepts, risks, and developmental milestones is crucial for maternal and child health nursing.
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