Ancient Civilizations

• Early forms of law enforcement date back to ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia, Greece, and Rome.
• In ancient Mesopotamia, around 2000 BCE, "night watchmen" were responsible for maintaining order and protecting citizens.
• In ancient Greece, around 500 BCE, the "astynomoi" were responsible for maintaining law and order, while the "rhethra" were responsible for investigating crimes.
• In ancient Rome, around 100 BCE, the "cohorts urbana" were responsible for maintaining order and protecting citizens, while the "quaestores" were responsible for investigating crimes.

Medieval Period

• During the Middle Ages, law enforcement was primarily the responsibility of local lords and nobles.
• The "sheriff" emerged as a key figure in medieval law enforcement, responsible for enforcing the king's law and maintaining order in the county.
• The "constable" was responsible for maintaining order in the local community and assisting the sheriff.

17th and 18th Centuries

• In 1667, the first professional police force was established in Paris, France, known as the "Lieutenancy-General of Police".
• In 1749, the "Bow Street Runners" were established in London, England, as a professional police force responsible for investigating crimes and maintaining order.
• In the American colonies, law enforcement was primarily the responsibility of local militias and night watchmen.

19th Century

• In 1829, the "Metropolitan Police Service" was established in London, England, with the goal of creating a professional, centralized police force.
• In 1845, the "New York City Police Department" was established in New York City, USA, as one of the first professional police forces in the United States.
• The "Peelers" were established in Ireland in 1822, named after Sir Robert Peel, who introduced the concept of a professional police force.

20th Century

• The early 20th century saw the rise of modern police departments, with the introduction of new technologies such as radios, cars, and forensic science.
• The 1960s and 1970s saw significant changes in policing, with the rise of community policing and the emphasis on building relationships with local communities.
• The 1980s and 1990s saw the introduction of new policing strategies, such as broken windows theory and zero-tolerance policing.

Contemporary Policing

• Modern police departments face challenges such as terrorism, cybercrime, and community policing.
• There is an increasing emphasis on diversity, equity, and inclusion in policing, as well as the use of technology such as body-worn cameras and predictive policing.
• The role of police in society is being re-examined, with a focus on de-escalation, crisis intervention, and community engagement.

古代文明

• ancient Mesopotamia 的夜间警卫（约公元前2000年）负责维持秩序和保护公民。
• ancient Greece 的 astynomoi（约公元前500年）负责维持法治和秩序，而 rhethra 负责调查犯罪。
• ancient Rome 的 cohorts urbana（约公元前100年）负责维持秩序和保护公民，而 quaestores 负责调查犯罪。

中世纪

• 中世纪时，法律执行主要是地方领主和贵族的责任。
• Sheriff 是中世纪法律执行的关键人物，负责执行国王的法律和维持县级秩序。
• Constable 负责维持当地社区的秩序和协助 Sheriff。

17世纪和18世纪

• 1667年，法国巴黎建立了世界上第一支职业警察部队，即 Lieutenancy-General of Police。
• 1749年，英国伦敦建立了 Bow Street Runners，作为职业警察部队，负责调查犯罪和维持秩序。
• 美国殖民地时期，法律执行主要是地方民兵和夜间警卫的责任。

19世纪

• 1829年，英国伦敦建立了 Metropolitan Police Service，旨在创建职业化和集中化的警察部队。
• 1845年，美国纽约市建立了 New York City Police Department，成为美国最早的一批职业警察部队之一。
• 1822年，爱尔兰建立了 Peelers，命名自罗伯特·皮尔爵士，他引入职业警察部队的概念。

20世纪

• 20世纪初期，现代警察部门崛起，引入新技术如无线电、汽车和法證科学。
• 1960年代和1970年代，警务观念发生变化，注重与当地社区的关系建设。
• 1980年代和1990年代，引入新警务策略，如破窗理论和零容忍警务。

现代警务

• 现代警察部门面临挑战，如恐怖主义、网络犯罪和社区警务。
• 警务部门越来越强调多样性、公平和包容性，以及使用技术如Portable Recorder和预测警务。
• 警察在社会中的角色正在被重新评估，注重 Escalation、危机干预和社区参与。