History of Policing Systems

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary role of the Constabuli in each village?

  • To enforce taxation
  • To aid the Rieve in his duties (correct)
  • To collect criminal evidence
  • To serve as legal advisors

Which feature distinguished the role of the Circuit Judge?

  • To oversee property disputes in towns
  • To appoint local constables
  • To travel and hear criminal cases previously judged by the Shire-Rieve (correct)
  • To hear cases only involving civil disputes

What is one effect of the Legis Henrici?

  • It allowed judges to set their own laws
  • It abolished the concept of citizen's arrest
  • It normalized the power of police as public servants (correct)
  • It removed the power of the Grand Jury

What was the main purpose of the Frankpledge System?

<p>To require neighbors to guard their town and maintain peace (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant regulation did the Statute of Westminster of 1285 impose?

<p>Duty definitions for constables at different times (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main feature of the Statute of 1295?

<p>To set the beginning of curfew hours in London (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What powers did the Justices of the Peace hold around 1361?

<p>To pursue, arrest, chastise, and imprison law violators (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a characteristic of the Star Chamber Court established in 1487?

<p>Judges had significant power, including forcing testimonies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Tithingman in the Anglo-Saxon policing system?

<p>He was responsible for leading a group of ten families. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the Hue and Cry system, what was the primary action taken by a complainant?

<p>To shout for help from other male residents. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the Trial by Ordeal system determine?

<p>The guilt or innocence through a dangerous experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of the Shire-Rieve during the Norman Period?

<p>He administered justice without question. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the Praetorian Guard is true?

<p>They acted as protectors of the Roman emperors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'tun' refer to in the Anglo-Saxon policing system?

<p>A unit of social order consisting of ten families. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which power was NOT possessed by the Tithingman and the Reeve?

<p>Military command. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of a '3 degree' in the context of Trial by Ordeal?

<p>It was a method to determine innocence based on physical torture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary role of the knights appointed by King Richard in 1195?

<p>To guard bridges and gates checking people (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key change did King Charles II implement regarding public safety?

<p>He established watchmen to work at night. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature was included in the Magna Carta signed by King John?

<p>Proof of a victim's body before murder trials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who introduced the Bow Street Runners, the first detective force?

<p>Henry Fielding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was notable about the Marine Police Force established in 1798?

<p>It was the first modern police force in the world. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant act did Sir Robert Peel enact in 1829?

<p>The organization of the Metropolitan Police. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the motto 'Total Policing' refer to?

<p>A philosophy of Metropolitan Police operations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key event that occurred in 1833 related to policing?

<p>The Coldbath Fields Riot. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Constable

An appointed official in a village, assisting the Rieve, that eventually became the word Constable.

Sheriff

A title derived from "Shire-Rieve", a judge of a shire, responsible for law enforcement and court.

Travelling Judge

A judge who traveled to hear cases, separating judicial and police powers.

Legis Henrici

An act that classified offenses (against king and individuals), made police public servants, and allowed citizen's arrests.

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Frankpledge System

A policing system where ten neighbors were responsible for each other's behavior and upholding the law.

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Westminster Period

Policing period based on laws from the English capital of Westminster.

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Statute of 1295

This law created official curfew hours in London.

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Justice of the Peace

Individuals responsible for enforcing laws, handling misdemeanors and felonies, and later abolished.

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Anglo-Saxon Tun Policing

A system where all male residents in a town (tun) were responsible for maintaining order and protecting property.

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Tithingman

Leader of a group of ten families in an Anglo-Saxon town, responsible for maintaining order.

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Hue and Cry

A method of apprehending criminals by publicly calling for help from the community.

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Trial by Ordeal

A medieval judicial practice where guilt or innocence was determined through a dangerous physical test.

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Shire-Reeve

A police officer in Norman England, responsible for maintaining order within a specific administrative district (shire).

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Norman Policing System

A system of policing in England after the Norman Conquest that focused primarily on military control.

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Officer de la Paix

A French term, possibly the origin of "police officer" term.

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Praetorian Guard

Ancient Roman military units that served as a personal guard and maintained order.

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Bow Street Runners

The first detective force in London, established by Henry Fielding in 1748.

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Metropolitan Police

The largest London police service, established in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel.

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King Richard

King of England, known for issuing a proclamation for appointing knights to maintain order.

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1829 Metropolitan Police Act

An act formalizing the establishment of the Metropolitan Police in London.

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Magna Carta

A law demanding king John's agreement to rights for the people.

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1798 Marine Police Force

Known as the first modern police force: it was responsible for cargo theft.

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Henry Fielding

A magistrate who introduced the first detective force, the Bow Street Runners.

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Sir Robert Peel

Home Secretary who established the Metropolitan Police.

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Study Notes

Evolution of Policing Systems

  • Praetorian guards in ancient Rome were early guardians of peace, potentially the origin of policing.
  • Officer de la Paix, a French term, claimed to be the origin of the term Police Officer.

Anglo-Saxon Period of Policing (Ancient England)

  • Tun Policing System: Men in rural villages were required to maintain peace and protect property.
    • A "tithing" was ten families, led by a tithingman.
    • A "reeve" led 100 families.
    • Tithingmen and reeves held judicial and police power.
  • Hue and Cry: A system where citizens would raise an alarm to pursue a criminal.
  • Trial by Ordeal: A method of determining guilt or innocence through dangerous or unpleasant experiences.

Norman Period of Policing

  • Shire-Rieve: England was divided into 55 military areas (shires), each with a ruler (shire-reeve).
    • Shire-reeves had significant power.
    • Two constables (keepers of the horse) assisted them.
    • The term "shire-reeve" likely originated the word "sheriff".
  • Travelling Judges (Circuit Judges): Judges heard cases and began separating judicial and police powers.
  • Legal System Changes (Legis Henrici):
    • Crimes classified as affecting the king or individuals.
    • Police became public servants.
    • Citizens had arrest powers.
    • A grand jury system, created to determine crime facts, replaced the Trial by Ordeal.
  • Frankpledge System: Ten households jointly responsible for maintaining peace.

Westminster Period of Policing

  • Laws governing policing came from Westminster.
  • Constable duties were defined (night watch and daytime ward).
  • Statute of Westminster (1285): Laws maintained peace.
  • Statute of 1295: Curfew laws were enforced.
  • Justice of the Peace (1361): Appointed officials to deal with crimes.
  • Star Chamber Court (1487): Court with significant power, later criticized for abuse of authority.

Keepers of the Peace (Early Policing)

  • King Richard (1195): Knights were appointed to guard cities.
  • King Charles II (1663): Watchmen/bellmen employed nightly.

Magna Carta (1215):

  • Freemen couldn't be imprisoned without trial.
  • Murder trials needed body evidence.

London Policing Prior to 1829

  • Henry Fielding: Introduced detectives, Bow Street Runners.
  • Bow Street Runners: A detective group focused on catching criminals.
  • Other developments: Marine Police, constables being paid, responsible for preventing theft

Metropolitan Police (1829)

  • Sir Robert Peel: Established the Metropolitan Police.
  • Metropolitan Police Act: Large police force in London.
  • Other notable dates and events connected to the evolving police forces: 1833 Coldbath Fields Riot, 1836-38 Incorporating other police groups.
  • Important Policing principles of the London Metropolitan Police.

French Contributions to Policing:

  • House numbering for policing and crime prevention
  • Street lighting for safety.
  • Police ambulances
  • Warrant cards

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