Questions and Answers
What is Developmental Psychology?
Study of how behavior changes over the lifespan.
What is Cross-sectional Design?
Method in which people of different ages are tested and compared at a single time.
What is the Cohort Effect?
Sets of people who lived during one period may differ in some systematic ways from sets of people who lived during a different period.
What is Longitudinal Design?
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What is Post hoc Fallacy?
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What are Bidirectional Influences?
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What is Gene-environment interaction?
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What does Nature via Nurture refer to?
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What is Gene Expression?
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What does Prenatal mean?
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What occurs during the Germinal Stage?
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What is a Zygote?
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What is a Blastocyst?
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What happens during the Embryonic Stage?
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What is the Fetal Stage?
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What is Proliferation?
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What is Migration in brain development?
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What are three obstacles to development?
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What defines a Teratogen?
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What is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome?
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What are Reflexes?
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What are Motor Behaviors?
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What is Adolescence?
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What is Puberty?
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What are Primary Sex Characteristics?
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What are Secondary Sex Characteristics?
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What is Menarche?
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What is Spermarche?
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What is Menopause?
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What is Cognitive Development?
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What are three core ways cognitive developmental theories differ?
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What is Piaget's Theory?
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What is Equilibration?
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What is Assimilation?
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What is Accommodation?
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What are Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development?
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List Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development.
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What defines the Sensorimotor Stage?
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What is Object Permanence?
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What is Deferred Imitation?
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What is the Preoperational Stage?
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What is Mental Representation?
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What defines the Concrete Operations Stage?
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What is the Formal Operations Stage?
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What is Egocentrism?
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What is Conservation?
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What is Vygotsky's Theory?
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What is Scaffolding?
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What is the Zone of Proximal Development?
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What is Theory of Mind?
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What is a False-Belief Task?
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What is Self-Control?
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What is Stranger Anxiety?
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What is Temperament?
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What is Attachment?
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What are Sensitive Periods?
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What are Critical Periods?
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What is Imprinting?
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What is Contact Comfort?
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What is the Strange Situation Task?
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What are the four categories of infants' attachment relationships?
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What are the four parenting styles?
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What is the Permissive parenting style?
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What is the Authoritarian parenting style?
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What is the Authoritative parenting style?
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What is the Uninvolved parenting style?
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What is a Psychosocial Crisis?
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What are Erikson's Eight Stages of Identity Development?
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What are Kohlberg's 3 Major Stages of Moral Development?
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What is Preconventional level in moral development?
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What is Conventional level in moral development?
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What is Postconventional level in moral development?
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What is Stress?
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What are the three approaches to stress?
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What is the Stressors as Stimuli approach?
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What is the Stress as a Response approach?
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What is the Stress as a Transaction approach?
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What is Corticosteroid?
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What is Primary Appraisal?
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What is Secondary Appraisal?
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What is Problem-focused coping?
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What is Emotion-focused coping?
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What is a Hassle?
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What is General Adaptation Syndrome?
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What are the three stages of General Adaptation Syndrome?
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What is the Fight or Flight Response?
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What is Tend and Befriend?
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What is the Immune System?
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What is AIDS?
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What is Psychoneuroimmunology?
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What is Psychophysiological?
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What is the Biopsychosocial Perspective?
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What is Coronary Heart Disease?
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What is Type A Personality?
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What is Social Support?
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What is Proactive Coping?
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What is Behavioral Control?
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What is Cognitive Control?
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What is Decisional Control?
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What is Informational Control?
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Study Notes
Developmental Psychology
- Focuses on how behavior evolves throughout a person's life.
- The interplay of genetic and environmental factors shapes development.
Research Designs
- Cross-sectional Design: Compares individuals of various ages at one time to understand age-related differences.
- Longitudinal Design: Observes the same group across time to track developmental changes.
Historical Influences
- Cohort Effect: Variations among groups born in different times due to unique social, economic, and cultural factors.
- Bidirectional Influences: Development is influenced both by genetics and environment.
Genetic Factors in Development
- Gene-environment interaction: Genetic predispositions can alter how individuals respond to their environments.
- Nature via Nurture: Children often select and shape their environments based on inherent traits.
Prenatal Development Stages
- Germinal Stage (Conception to Week 2): Formation of zygote and its initial cell divisions.
- Embryonic Stage (Week 2 to 8): Development of blastocyst into embryo.
- Fetal Stage (Week 9 to birth): Major organ development and growth.
Brain Development
- Proliferation: Neurons formed from the 18th day of pregnancy to six months.
- Migration: Neurons position themselves to form brain structures.
Prenatal Hazards
- Teratogens: Environmental factors that can negatively affect prenatal development.
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Result of maternal alcohol consumption leading to physical and developmental challenges.
Early Behavior and Motor Skills
- Reflexes: Inborn automatic responses such as sucking, aiding in survival.
- Motor Behaviors: Self-initiated bodily movements as physical skills develop.
Stages of Life
- Adolescence: Transitional phase from childhood to adulthood with significant physical and emotional changes.
- Puberty: Marks the onset of sexual maturity and reproductive capability.
Cognitive Development Theories
- Piaget's Theory: Emphasizes children's active role in learning; development consists of stages characterized by distinct cognitive abilities.
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Cognitive Development Stages:
- Sensorimotor (Birth-2 years): Understanding the world through actions; lacks object permanence.
- Preoperational (2-7 years): Development of language and symbolic thought; egocentric viewpoint.
- Concrete Operations (7-11 years): Logical reasoning about tangible concepts; understands conservation.
- Formal Operations (11-adulthood): Ability to think abstractly and reason hypothetically.
Attachment and Parenting Styles
- Attachment Types: Secure, Insecure-avoidant, Insecure-anxious/ambivalent, and Disorganized.
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Parenting Styles:
- Permissive: Lenient and nurturing.
- Authoritarian: Strict and punitive.
- Authoritative: Balances support and limits.
- Uninvolved: Neglectful and detached.
Erikson's Psychosocial Development
- Describes eight stages of identity development across the lifespan, each marked by a psychosocial crisis.
Kohlberg's Moral Development
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Stages:
- Preconventional: Focus on rewards and punishments.
- Conventional: Emphasis on societal norms.
- Postconventional: Based on personal ethical principles.
Understanding Stress
- Stress: Discomfort arising from challenges that strain coping abilities.
- Stressors: External events that provoke stress responses.
Coping Strategies
- Problem-focused coping: Addressing stressors directly; seeking solutions.
- Emotion-focused coping: Managing emotional responses to stress; promoting a positive perspective.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
- Describes how organisms respond to stress in three stages: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion.
The Role of Personality in Stress
- Type A Personality: Competitive and high-stress individuals.
- Social Support: Connections that provide emotional and tangible resources to manage stress.
Psychoneuroimmunology
- Examines interactions between psychological factors, the nervous system, and immune response.
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Test your knowledge on key concepts in Developmental Psychology with these flashcards designed for the UF PSY2012 course. Each card covers fundamental terms that are essential for understanding behavior changes throughout the lifespan. Prepare effectively for your final exam with this focused study tool!